Fig. 2

Nano-immunoengineering for cancer therapy. Nanoparticles can be utilized for various applications, including (i) delivering immunomodulatory molecules, including checkpoint inhibitors in the form of proteins or nucleic acids to enhance T cell immunity or reprogram the tumor microenvironment; (ii) generating effective cancer vaccines via transfecting DCs; (iii) attaching nanoparticles to T cells and NK cells to maximize localized delivery of adjuvant or drugs and limit systemic toxicities; iv) producing CAR T-cells in situ by transfecting endogenous T cells