Fig. 3.

3D bioprinted tissue constructs using alginate-derived nanobioinks. a–c Construction of perfusable vessel conduits with MWCNT reinforced alginate nanobioink. a Experimental setup for the fabrication of vascular conduits based on a coaxial nozzle system. b Printed perfusable vascular conduits. c SEM images of a vascular conduit printed using a 4% alginate ECM hydrogel reinforced with 1% MWCNTs. The image shows the structural integrity of the tubular shape. Reprinted with permission from [233]. d Various 3D printed structures using alginate–CNF bioink. Reprinted with permission from [229]. e Development of various printed structures using bioinks combining 3% (w/v) Laponite®, 3% (w/v) alginate, and 3% (w/v) methylcellulose. Reprinted with permission from [234]