From: Rapid assays of SARS-CoV-2 virus and noble biosensors by nanomaterials
Types | Methods | Target | Details | LOD and ROD | Duration | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on NAAT | RT-qPCR | RNA | DrectDetect (Absence of RNA extraction) | LOD: 1.67 copies/μL | 1 ~ 2 h | [59] |
RT-qPCR | RNA | Integration with Big Data | – | 3 ~ 4 h | [60] | |
RT-qPCR | RNA | Water bath PCR and LFA | LOD: 8.44 copies/μL | 45 min | [62] | |
RT-qPCR | RNA | The SalivaDirect protocol and the Ubiquitome Liberty16 system | LOD: 12 copies/μL | 1 h | [66] | |
RT-qPCR | Variants RNA | Integration with ARMS | LOD: 1 copy/μL | 2.5 h | [70] | |
RT-qPCR | Variants RNA | Microfluidic chip-based | LOD: 10 copies/reaction | 40Â min | [73] | |
RT-LAMP | RNA | Combined with CRISPR-Cas12 | LOD: 1 copy/μL | 32 min | [74] | |
RT-LAMP | RNA | Particle imaging technique | LOD: 350 particles/ mL | 35Â min | [76] | |
RT-HDA | RNA | Does not require thermal cycling | LOD: 6 copies/μL | 2 h | [78] | |
RPA | RNA | Integrated microdroplet array detection platform | LOD: 0.42 copy/μL | 6–12 min | [80] | |
PER | RNA | Combined with CRISPR-Cas12 | LOD: 1.3Â pM | 40Â min | [82] | |
Rapid diagnostic test kit | ELISA | Ab | Using microfluidic technology | – | – | [87] |
ELISA | Ab | Paper-based | LOD: 9 ng/µL ROD: 1 ng/µL-100 ng/µL | 30 min | [88] | |
ELISA | Ag | Double antibody sandwich method | LOD: 5 pg/µL | 30 min | [89] | |
LFIA | Ag | Depositing copper on the AuNPs-labeled LIFA test paper | LOD: 10 pg/mL |  < 20 min | [91] | |
LFIA | Ag(N) | Carboxy Gold Nanoshell-labeled | LOD: 156 pg/mL |  < 15 min | [92] | |
LFIA | Ag(N) | Colored cellulose nanobeads-labeled, double antibody sandwich method | LOD: 1Â ng/mL | 15Â min | [93] | |
LFIA | Ab | Selenium nanoparticles-labeled | LOD: 20Â ng/mL | 10Â min | [94] | |
LFIA | Ag(N) | AIE luminophores-labeled | LOD: 7.2 ng/mL |  < 20 min | [95] | |
LFIA | Ab | Ratiometric fluorescent analysis, Carboxyl-functionalized Europium chelate nanoparticles | LOD: 7.6Â IU/mL ROD: 12.5-1000Â IU/mL | 15Â min | [96] | |
LFA | RNA | 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled, AuNPs capped with cysteamine as a control signal | LOD: 0.02 copy/μL |  < 30 min | [97] | |
Electrochemical biosensors | Immunoimpedance biosensor | Ag(S) | Substrate: polyethylene terephthalate Modifiers: single-walled carbon nanotubes | LOD: 350 genome equivalents/mL | 15Â min | [128] |
Immunoimpedance biosensor | Ag(N) | Substrate: SPCE Modifiers: zinc oxide/reducedgraphene oxide | LOD: 21 fg/mL ROD: 1–104 pg/mL |  < 15 min | [53] | |
Immunoimpedance biosensor | Ag(S) | Substrate: SPGE functionalized processed peptides as a reporter | LOD: 18.2 ng/mL ROD: 0.05–3 µg/mL | 15 min | [131] | |
Immunoimpedance biosensor | Ab | Modifiers: PPy-NTs/AuNPs | LOD: 0.386 ng/mL ROD: 0.4–8 ng/mL |  < 1 h | [47] | |
Immunoimpedance biosensor | Ag(S) | Substrate: SPCE Modifiers: SiO2@UiO-66 | LOD: 100 fg/mL ROD: 100 fg/mL -10 ng/mL |  < 5 min | [55] | |
Electrochemical biosensor | Ab | Modifiers: colloidal quantum dots | LOD: 7.73 ng/mL ROD: 50–1250 ng/mL |  < 1 min | [54] | |
electrochemical biosensor | Ab | Substrate: GCE Modifiers: gold cluster | LOD: 9.3 ag/mL ROD: 0.1 fg-10 pg/mL |  < 20 min | [50] | |
Electrochemical biosensor | Ag(S) | Substrate: dual-gate oxide semiconductor thin-film transistor | LOD: 1.17Â fg/mL ROD: 1Â fg/mL -1Â ng/mL | 1Â min | [132] | |
Electrochemical biosensor | RNA | Substrate: SPCE Modifiers: gold nanoflowers combined with CRISPR-Cas13a | LOD: 4.4 × 10–2 fg/mL ROD: 10–1-105 fg/mL | 1.5 h | [133] | |
ECL biosensor | RNA | Substrate: SPCE Ru(bpy)32 + -labeled | LOD: 0.1 fM ROD: 0.1 fM-10 µM |  < 30 min | [135] | |
Molecularly imprinted biosensor | Ag(RBD) | Substrate: SPCE Modifiers: molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles | LOD: 3.9 fg/mL ROD: 1 fg/mL-10 pg/mL |  < 15 min | [48] | |
BioFET | Ag(N) | based on an electrical double-layer gated BioFET system | LOD: 0.14 ng/mL ROD: 0.4–400 ng/mL |  < 30 min | [140] | |
BioFET | RNA | using flexible single-stranded DNA linked byrigid tetrahedral double-stranded DNA as a probe | LOD: 0.02 copy/μL |  < 4 min | [142] | |
Optical biosensors | Colorimetric biosensor | RNA | AuNPs as a reporter, does not require sophisticated equipment | LOD: 0.5 ng |  < 30 min | [175] |
Colorimetric biosensor | Ag(S) | Substrate: cotton swab orange nanopolymer-labeled | LOD: 100 pfu/mL ROD: 103–108 pfu/mL | 5 min | [144] | |
Colorimetric biosensor | Mpro | bivalent peptide as a recognizer and AuNPs as a reporter | LOD: 18.9Â nM | 10Â min | [51] | |
Immunofluorescence biosensor | Ag(S) | hairpin structure of hACE2 mimetic peptide beacon as a reporter | LOD: 4.0 × 103 pfu /test |  < 3 h | [146] | |
Optical biosensor | Ag(S) | Substrate: imprinted photonic crystal film low cost (approximately USD 1) | LOD: 429 fg/mL ROD: 1 pg/mL-100 ng/mL |  < 15 min | [151] | |
Optical biosensor | Ag(N) | Combined U-Bent plastic optical fiber with nanogold to immobilize the Ab | – |  < 15 min | [152] | |
SPR biosensor | Ag(S) | Using laser external differential feedback interferometry | LOD: 0.08 pg/ mL ROD: 10–2-103 ng/mL |  < 1 min | [153] | |
LSPR biosensor | Ag(S) | Substrate: vertical microcavity Modifiers: nano-porous gold | LOD: 319 copies/mL |  < 30 min | [52] | |
LSPR biosensor | Ag(RBD) | Combined with optical imaging and artificial intelligence methods | LOD: 100 vp/mL ROD: 125.28-106 vp/mL |  < 12 min | [155] |