ID | Design | Clinical samples | Performance evaluation | Note | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
head-to-head comparison | Agreement with RT-PCR | ||||||||||||||||||
Transduction mechanism | Detection technique | Materials/nanomaterials | Biorecognition element | Target antigen | Sourcea | Dilution | Total | Positive | Negative | RT-PCRb | Proposed sensor | ELISA | RAT | Case | Clinical sensitivity (%) | Clinical specificity (%) | Clinical accuracy (%) | ||
A02 | EC | DPV | Carbon Black | Antibody | S1 | Saliva | No | 24 | 7 | 17 | 24/24 | 22/24 | – | – | 24 | 100.0 | 88.2 | 91.7 | [83] |
N | Saliva | No | 20 | 6 | 14 | 20/20 | 18/20 | – | – | 20 | 83.3 | 92.9 | 90.0 | ||||||
A05 | EC | DPV | Laser-scribed Graphene | Aptamer | S(RBD) | Serum | 0.1 M PBS w/0.1 M KCl | 23 | 17 | 6 | 23/23 | 23/23 | 12/23 (IgG) | – | 23 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | [86] |
14/23 (IgM) | |||||||||||||||||||
A06 | EC | DPV | Graphene Oxide | Antibody | S1 | Gargle & Mouthwash | Lysis Buffer | 110 | 30 | 80 | 12/12 | 11/12 | – | 8/12 | 110 | 93.3 | 92.5 | 92.7 | [87] |
A09 | EC | DPV | AuNPs | ACE-2 | S1 | Saliva | PBS (1:1000) | 32 | 16 | 16 | 32/32 | 31/32 | – | – | 32 | 100.0 | 93.8 | 96.9 | [90] |
A10 | EC | DPV | AuNPs | Antibody | S1 | NP (in VTM) | Dilution | 17 | 6 | 11 | 17/17 | 14/17 | – | – | 17 | 66.7 | 90.9 | 82.4 | [91] |
A14 | EC | DPV | Au Nanorod | Antibody | S(RBD) | NP (in VTM) | N/A | 10 | 5 | 5 | 10/10 | 8/10 | – | – | 10 | 100.0 | 60.0 | 80.0 | [95] |
A15 | EC | DPV | AuNPs | Antibody | S1 | NP (in VTM) | N/A | 37 | 19 | 18 | 37/37 | 36/37 | – | – | 37 | 94.7 | 100.0 | 97.3 | [96] |
B06 | EC | SWV | AuNPs | ACE-2 | S1 | NP (in VTM) | N/A | 103 | 53 | 50 | 103/103 | 90/103 | – | – | 103 | 88.7 | 86.0 | 87.4 | [105] |
Saliva | N/A | 10 | 3 | 7 | 10/10 | 10/10 | – | – | 10 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |||||||
B11 | EC | SWV | Graphene Oxide (GO) | Antibody | N | NP (in Detergent Solution) | N/A | 60 | 30 | 30 | 60/60 | 53/60 | – | – | 60 | 90.0 | 86.7 | 88.3 | [110] |
N (Ο) | NP (in Detergent Solution) | N/A | 50 | 25 | 25 | 50/50 | 47/50 | – | – | 50 | 96.0 | 92.0 | 94.0 | ||||||
C03 | EC | CA | – | Antibody | S1 | Serum (INF A)c | N/A | 79 | 42 | 37 | 79/79 | 77/79 | – | – | 79 | 100.0 | 94.6 | 97.5 | [115] |
C06 | EC | CA | – | Antibody | N | NP (in VTM) | VTMT | 37 | 28 | 9 | 37/37 | 28/37 | – | – | 37 | 67.9 | 100.0 | 75.7 | [118] |
D02 | EC | POT | – | Cell | S1 | NP (in TM) | 0.9% saline solution (in PBS) | 24 | 14 | 10 | 24/24 | 23/24 | – | – | 24 | 92.9 | 100.0 | 95.8 | [122] |
D03 | EC | POT | – | Cell | S1 | NP (in TM) | PBS | 17 | 7 | 10 | 17/17 | 17/17 | – | – | 17 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | [123] |
E05 | EC | EIS | – | ACE-2 | S1 | NP/OP (in TM) | PBS | 139 | 109 | 30 | 139/139 | 121/139 | – | – | 139 | 83.5 | 100.0 | 87.1 | [76] |
Saliva | PBS | 50 | 13 | 37 | 50/50 | 45/50 | – | – | 50 | 100.0 | 86.5 | 90.0 | |||||||
E21 | EC | EIS | Magnetic Nanoparticle | Antibody | S1 | NP (in vNAT buffer) | PBS (1:100) | 50 | 40 | 10 | 50/50 | 46/50 | – | 41/50 | 50 | 90.0 | 100.0 | 92.0 | [141] |
Antibody | S2 | 50 | 40 | 10 | 50/50 | 45/50 | 50 | 87.5 | 100.0 | 90.0 | |||||||||
Antibody Cocktail | S1/S2 | 50 | 40 | 10 | 50/50 | 50/50 | 50 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |||||||||
H03 | EL | FET | SWCNT | Antibody | S1 | NP (in VTM) | N/A | 38 | 28 | 10 | 38/38 | 30/38 | – | – | 38 | 82.1 | 70.0 | 78.9 | [43] |
N | N/A | 38 | 28 | 10 | 38/38 | 22/38 | – | – | 38 | 53.6 | 70.0 | 57.9 | |||||||
H10 | EL | FET | Graphene | Antibody | S1 | NP (in UTM) | N/A | 25 | 14 | 11 | 25/25 | 24/25 | – | – | 25 | 92.9 | 100.0 | 96.0 | [73] |
J05 | OP | FL | Au@PtNPs | Antibody | N | Blood | PBST | 101 | 21 | 80 | 101/101 | 96/101 | 90/101 | – | 101 | 76.2 | 100.0 | 95.0 | [184] |
J06 | OP | FL | – | Aptamer | S1 | NP (in VTM) | N/A | 50 | 45 | 5 | 50/50 | 38/50 | – | – | 50 | 80.0 | 25.0 | 75.5 | [185] |
L07 | OP | SPR | – | Engineered Antibody | S(RBD) | NP (in VTM) | N/A | 119 | 50 | 69 | 119/119 | 108/119 | – | – | 119 | 88.0 | 92.8 | 90.8 | [195] |
N05 | OP | FO | Polystyrene Microspheres | Antibody | N | Serum/Plasma | No | 125 | 25 | 100 | 125/125 | 118/125 | 117/125 | – | 125 | 72.0 | 100.0 | 94.4 | [202] |
P01 | OP | COL | Au Nanoparticles (AuNPs) | ACE-2 | S1 | NP (in VTM) | N/A | 100 | 50 | 50 | 100/100 | 90/100 | – | – | 100 | 96.0 | 84.0 | 90.0 | [215] |
R01 | ME | MC | Magnetic Nanoparticle | Antibody | S1/N | NP (in TM) | N/A | 11 | 9 | 2 | 11/11 | 10/11 | – | – | 11 | 88.9 | 100.0 | 90.9 | [220] |