ID | Design | Specificity and selectivity tests | References | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transduction mechanism | Detection technique | Nanomaterials/materials | Biorecognition element | Target antigen | Viral protein | Non-viral protein, small molecule, and bacteriumb | Total | ||||||
SARS-CoV-2 protein | Other coronavirus protein | Other viral proteina | |||||||||||
Beta-coronavirus | Human coronavirus | Animal coronavirus | |||||||||||
A02 | EC | DPV | Carbon black | Antibody | S1 | – | – | – | – | IFV A | – | 2 | [83] |
IFV H1N1 | |||||||||||||
N | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||
A03 | EC | DPV | – | MIP | N | SARS-CoV-2 S | – | – | – | HCV E2 | BSA | 4 | [84] |
CD48 | |||||||||||||
A07 | EC | DPV | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Antibody | S1 | – | MERS-CoV S | – | – | AIV | – | 3 | [88] |
HIV | |||||||||||||
A08 | EC | DPV | Au/graphene | MIP | N | SARS-CoV-2 S | – | – | – | – | BSA | 5 | [89] |
CD48 | |||||||||||||
HER-2 | |||||||||||||
MPT64 | |||||||||||||
Cardiac Troponin (cTnl) | |||||||||||||
A11 | EC | DPV | g-C3N4/Au/WO3 | Antibody | N | – | MERS-CoV N | – | – | IFV H1N1 | – | 2 | [92] |
A14 | EC | DPV | Au nanorod | Antibody | S(RBD) | SARS-CoV-2 S | – | – | – | – | 1 | [95] | |
A15 | EC | DPV | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Antibody | S1 | SARS-CoV-2 S | – | – | – | IFV H1N1 | – | 2 | [96] |
A16 | EC | DPV | Laser-scribed graphene (LSG) | ACE-2 | S1 | HCoV-NL63 N | IFV H1N1 | 7 | [171] | ||||
IFV B | |||||||||||||
HPV | |||||||||||||
HCoV-229E N | RSV | ||||||||||||
HRV | |||||||||||||
A17 | EC | DPV | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Aptamer | S1 | BSA | 2 | [98] | |||||
HSA | |||||||||||||
A18 | EC | DPV | Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) | Aptamer | S(RBD) | MERS-CoV S | 2 | [99] | |||||
A19 | EC | DPV | Ag/reduced graphene oxide | Antibody | S(RBD) | SARS-CoV S | 3 | [100] | |||||
B01 | EC | SWV | Carbon nanofiber | Antibody | N | – | – | HCoV HKU1 | – | – | – | 1 | [101] |
B02 | EC | SWV | Graphene | Antibody | S1 | – | – | – | – | – | Beta-lactamase | 1 | [102] |
B03 | EC | SWV | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Antibody | N | – | MERS-CoV N | HCoV HKU1 | – | IFV A | – | 4 | [75] |
IFV B | |||||||||||||
B05 | EC | SWV | Au cluster | Antibody | S1 | – | – | – | – | IFV A | – | 2 | [104] |
IFV B | |||||||||||||
B06 | EC | SWV | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | ACE-2 | S1 | – | – | – | – | INF A (H1N1) | – | 4 | [105] |
IFV B | |||||||||||||
HSV | |||||||||||||
MHV | |||||||||||||
B07 | EC | SWV | – | Aptamer | S1 | – | SARS-CoV S | – | NGAL | – | 3 | [106] | |
MERS-CoV N | |||||||||||||
B09 | EC | SWV | – | MIP | S1 | – | SARS-CoV N | – | – | HCV E2 | HAS | 4 | [108] |
IgG | |||||||||||||
B10 | EC | SWV | Laser-engraved graphene | Aptamer | S(RBD) | – | – | – | – | IFV A | C-reactive protein | 3 | [109] |
Hemagglutin (HA) | |||||||||||||
B11 | EC | SWV | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Antibody | N | – | – | – | – | INF A INF B | PSA | 5 | [110] |
AFP | |||||||||||||
CEA | |||||||||||||
B12 | EC | SWV | Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) | Antibody | S1 | – | – | – | – | INF A | – | 2 | [111] |
INF B | |||||||||||||
C02 | EC | CA | – | Antibody | S1 | – | SARS-CoV S | HCoV-NL63 | BCoV | RuV | – | 6 | [114] |
MERS-CoV S | EBOV | ||||||||||||
C03 | EC | CA | – | Antibody | S1 | – | SARS-CoV S | HCoV-NL63 | – | – | – | 3 | [115] |
MERS-CoV S | |||||||||||||
C04 | EC | CA | Magnetic nanobeads | Antibody | N | SARS-CoV-2 S(RBD) | SARS-CoV N | – | – | – | – | 3 | [116] |
N | MERS-CoV N | ||||||||||||
C05 | EC | CA | – | MIP | S1 | – | – | – | – | – | BSA | 1 | [117] |
C06 | EC | CA | – | Antibody | N | – | SARS-CoV N | HCoV-NL63 N | FCoV 2 N | IFV | – | 9 | [118] |
HCoV-OC43 N | |||||||||||||
MERS-CoV N | HCoV-229E N | Sindbis | |||||||||||
HCoV-HKU1 N | |||||||||||||
C07 | EC | CA | Magnetic nanobeads | ACE-2 | S1 | – | SARS-CoV S | VSV | 4 | [119] | |||
MERS-CoV S | |||||||||||||
C08 | EC | CA | – | Antibody | S1 | – | – | – | – | Hemagglutin (HA) | 1 | [120] | |
D04 | EC | POT | – | MIP | S1 | – | MERS-CoV S | – | – | INF A (H1N1) | – | 3 | [124] |
INF A (H3N2) | |||||||||||||
E01 | EC | EIS | CuO2 nanocube | Antibody | S1 | – | – | – | – | IFV A | – | 2 | [125] |
IFV B | |||||||||||||
E02 | EC | EIS | – | ACE-2 | S1 | – | – | – | – | – | IL-6 | 2 | [126] |
Streptavidin | |||||||||||||
E04 | EC | EIS | Boron-doped diamond (BDD) | Antibody | S1 | – | – | – | – | IFV B | – | 1 | [128] |
E05 | EC | EIS | – | ACE-2 | S1 | HCoV-OC43 | INF A (H1N1) | 7 | [76] | ||||
INF A (H3N2) | |||||||||||||
HCoV-229E | INF B (HSV2) | ||||||||||||
MHV | |||||||||||||
HSV-2 | |||||||||||||
E07 | EC | EIS | Conducting nanocomposite | Engineered antibody | S(RBD) | – | – | – | – | – | IL-8 | 3 | [130] |
IL 1B | |||||||||||||
TNF-a | |||||||||||||
E08 | EC | EIS | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Aptamer | S1 | – | SARS-CoV S | – | – | – | – | 2 | [131] |
MERS-CoV S | |||||||||||||
E09 | EC | EIS | Carbon nanodiamond | Aptamer | N | – | SARS-CoV S | – | – | Hemagglutin (HA) | – | 2 | [132] |
E12 | EC | EIS | – | ACE-2 | S1 | – | – | – | – | INF A (H1N1) | – | 2 | [134] |
CD-147 receptor | INF A (H3N2) | ||||||||||||
E14 | EC | EIS | Modified MWCNT + graphene | Antibody | S1 | – | – | – | – | INF A (H1N1) | 7 | [136] | |
INF A (H3N2) | |||||||||||||
INF A (H3N2) | |||||||||||||
HCoV-OC43 | INF B | ||||||||||||
HCoV-229E | Avian Influenza A (H5N1) | ||||||||||||
E16 | EC | EIS | SiO2@UiO-66 nanocomposite | ACE-2 | S1 | [137] | |||||||
E17 | EC | EIS | carbon/graphene@PEDOT:PSS | Antibody | N | HCoV-NL63 | 1 | [77] | |||||
E18 | EC | EIS | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Antibody | N | SARS-CoV-2 S(RBD) | IL 8 | 5 | [138] | ||||
IL 1B | |||||||||||||
TNF-a | |||||||||||||
IgG | |||||||||||||
E19 | EC | EIS | – | Aptamer | S1 | – | – | HCoV-NL63 | – | – | – | 1 | [139] |
E20 | EC | EIS | Zinc oxide reduced graphene oxide (bbZnO/rGO) | Antibody | IgG | 1 | [140] | ||||||
E21 | EC | EIS | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Antibody | S1 | – | SARS-CoV S | – | – | – | BSA | 2 | [141] |
E22 | EC | EIS | Gold nanostar | Antibody | N | – | MERS-CoV N | – | – | INF A | BSA | 4 | [142] |
INF B | |||||||||||||
E23 | EC | EIS | Carbon PEDOT:PSS Graphene | Antibody | N | – | – | – | – | INF A | BSA | 4 | [143] |
INF B | |||||||||||||
E24 | EC | EIS | – | Antibody | N | SARS-CoV-2 S | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | [144] |
E25 | EC | EIS | – | Aptamer | S(RBD) | INF A | 5 | [145] | |||||
E26 | EC | EIS | Carbon nanodiamond | Antibody | S1 | – | – | – | – | Hemagglutin (HA) | – | 1 | [146] |
E27 | EC | EIS | – | Synthetic peptide | S1 | – | MERS-CoV S | – | – | – | B-1,4-GALT-5 | 2 | [147] |
E28 | EC | EIS | Boron doped diamond (BDD) | Antibody | N | – | – | – | – | INF A | – | 4 | [148] |
INF B | |||||||||||||
RSV | |||||||||||||
EBV | |||||||||||||
E29 | EC | EIS | – | Antibody | S1 | – | – | – | – | Hemagglutinin (HA) | 1 | [120] | |
E30 | EC | EIS | MoS2- PDA nanosheet | Antibody | N | – | – | – | – | – | BSA | 7 | [149] |
Dopamine | |||||||||||||
Ascorbic acid | |||||||||||||
Hemoglobin | |||||||||||||
Transferrin | |||||||||||||
Human IgG | |||||||||||||
Rabbit IgG | |||||||||||||
E31 | EC | EIS | – | Aptamer | S(RBD) | – | MERS-CoV S | – | – | Hemagglutinin (HA) | – | 2 | [150] |
F01 | EC | OECT | – | Engineered antibody | S(RBD) | – | MERS-CoV S | – | – | – | GFP | 2 | [151] |
S1 | |||||||||||||
F02 | EC | OECT | – | Antibody | S(RBD) | – | – | – | – | – | BSA | 1 | [152] |
G04 | EC | PEC | Au@TiO2 | Engineered antibody | S1 | – | – | – | – | – | Asuric acid | 3 | [156] |
l-lysine | |||||||||||||
l-glutamic acid | |||||||||||||
G05 | EC | PEC | Dioxide@bismuth tungstate (TiO2@Bi2WO6) nanocomposite | Antibody | N | – | – | – | – | – | CEA | 4 | [157] |
PSA | |||||||||||||
Insulin | |||||||||||||
Cardiac Troponin (cTnl) | |||||||||||||
H02 | EL | FET | Graphene | Antibody | S1 | – | MERS-CoV S | – | – | – | – | 1 | [159] |
ACE-2 | |||||||||||||
H03 | EL | FET | SWCNT | Antibody | S1 | SARS-CoV-2 N | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | [43] |
N | SARS-CoV-2 S | ||||||||||||
H04 | EL | FET | MXenes/graphene | Antibody | S1 | – | – | – | – | INF A (H1N1) | – | 1 | [160] |
H05 | EL | FET | TMCs | Antibody | S1 | – | – | – | – | – | BSA | 1 | [161] |
H08 | EL | FET | Carbon nanotube (CNT) | Antibody | S1 | – | SARS-CoV S | – | – | – | – | 2 | [164] |
MERS-CoV S | |||||||||||||
H13 | EL | FET | – | Antibody | N | SARS-CoV-2 S | SARS-CoV-2 N | – | – | INF A | – | 4 | [168] |
INF B | |||||||||||||
H16 | EL | FET | Reduced graphene oxide | Antibody | S1 | – | – | – | – | – | BSA | 1 | [171] |
H17 | EL | FET | Graphene | Antibody | S(RBD) | – | SARS-CoV N | – | – | – | – | 2 | [172] |
N | MERS-CoV N | ||||||||||||
H18 | EL | FET | Graphene | Aptamer | S1 | – | MERS-CoV S | HCoV-229E | – | – | BSA | 3 | [173] |
H19 | EL | FET | Graphene | Antibody | S1 | – | MERS-CoV S | – | – | – | – | 1 | [174] |
I02 | EL | Tri-channel transistor | In2O3/ZnO | Antibody | S1 | – | MERS-CoV S | – | – | – | – | 1 | [176] |
I03 | EL | Capacitive biosensor | Epitaxial graphene | Antibody | S1 | – | – | HCoV-NL63 | – | – | – | 4 | [177] |
HCoV-OC43 | |||||||||||||
HCoV-229E | |||||||||||||
HCoV-HKU1 | |||||||||||||
I04 | EL | Capacitive biosensor | – | ACE-2 | S1 | – | – | – | – | INF A (H1N1) | BSA | 6 | [178] |
PIV | |||||||||||||
Adenovirus | |||||||||||||
VZV | |||||||||||||
RyV | |||||||||||||
I05 | EL | Silicon nanowire array-based biosensor | Silicon nanowire (SiNWs) | ACE-2 | S1 | – | – | – | – | – | BSA | 1 | [179] |
J01 | OP | FL | Carbon nanotube (CNT) | Antibody | S(RBD) | – | SARS-CoV S | – | – | INF A | HSA | 4 | [62] |
MERS-CoV S | |||||||||||||
J03 | OP | FL | Carbon NANOTUBE (CNT) | – | S1 | SARS-CoV-2 N | – | – | – | – | BSA | 3 | [182] |
N | SARS-CoV-2 S | ||||||||||||
J04 | OP | FL | Magnetic beads | Antibody | N | SARS-CoV-2 S | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | [183] |
J05 | OP | FL | Au@PtNPs | Antibody | N | SARS-CoV-2 S | – | – | – | H1N1 Hemagglutinin (HA) | – | 6 | [184] |
H1N1 Neuraminidase (NA) | |||||||||||||
SARS-CoV-2 S(RBD) | HBsAg | ||||||||||||
HCcAg | |||||||||||||
J06 | OP | FL | – | Aptamer | S1 | – | MERS-CoV S | HCoV-NL63 | – | – | – | 5 | [185] |
HCoV-OC43 | |||||||||||||
HCoV-229E | |||||||||||||
HCoV-HKU1 | |||||||||||||
J07 | OP | FL | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Aptamer | N | SARS-CoV-2 S | 7 | [186] | |||||
K01 | OP | CL | Co–Fe@Hemin | Antibody | S(RBD) | – | SARS-CoV S | HCoV-OC43 | – | – | – | 4 | [187] |
MERS-CoV S | HCoV-HKU1 | ||||||||||||
K02 | OP | CL | AuNPs | Antibody | N | – | SARS-CoV S | – | – | – | IgG | 4 | [188] |
SARS-CoV S(RBD) | IgM | ||||||||||||
L01 | OP | SPR | Graphene oxide | Aptamer | N | – | – | – | – | – | BSA | 4 | [189] |
l-Asparagine | |||||||||||||
Graphene oxide | Aptamer | N | l-Citrulline | ||||||||||
Urea | |||||||||||||
L07 | OP | SPR | – | Engineered antibody | S(RBD) | 1 | [195] | ||||||
M02 | OP | LSPR | Silver nanotriangle array | ACE-2 | S(RBD) | – | SARS-CoV S | HCoV-NL63 | – | – | – | 4 | [197] |
HCoV-OC43 | |||||||||||||
HCoV-229E | |||||||||||||
M03 | OP | LSPR | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | MIP | S1 (α) | – | – | HCoV-OC43 | – | – | – | 3 | [198] |
S1 (β) | HCoV-229E | ||||||||||||
S1 (γ) | HCoV-HKU1 | ||||||||||||
N01 | OP | Fiber optics (SPR) | – | MIP | S1 | – | MERS-CoV S | – | – | – | – | 1 | [199] |
N02 | OP | Fiber optics (SPR) | – | Aptamer | S (S1 + S2) | – | MERS-CoV S | – | – | INF A (H1N1) | BSA | 4 | [200] |
Hemagglutin (HA) | |||||||||||||
N03 | OP | Fiber optics (SPR) | – | Peptide | Protease | – | – | – | – | – | Albumin | 4 | [63] |
Thrombin | |||||||||||||
Papain | |||||||||||||
Denatured protease | |||||||||||||
N04 | OP | Fiber optics | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Antibody | S1 | – | MERS-CoV S | – | – | – | – | 1 | [201] |
N05 | OP | Fiber optics (FL) | Polystyrene microspheres | Antibody | N | – | – | HCoV-NL63 | – | – | – | 4 | [202] |
HCoV-OC43 | |||||||||||||
HCoV-229E | |||||||||||||
HCoV-HKU1 | |||||||||||||
N06 | OP | Fiber optics (BLI) | – | Antibody | S1 | – | SARS-CoV S | – | – | – | – | 3 | [203] |
S(RBD) | MERS-CoV S | ||||||||||||
SARS-CoV N | |||||||||||||
O02 | OP | SERS | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Antibody | S1 | – | – | – | – | HIV p24 | CEA | 5 | [204] |
AFP | |||||||||||||
EPV GP350 | |||||||||||||
BSA | |||||||||||||
O05 | OP | SERS | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Antibody | S1 | SARS-CoV S | 2 | [207] | |||||
MERS-CoV S | |||||||||||||
O08 | OP | SERS | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Antibody | N | – | – | – | – | INF A (H1N1) | – | 4 | [210] |
INF A (H3N2) | |||||||||||||
INF A (H5N2) | |||||||||||||
INF B | |||||||||||||
O10 | OP | SERS | Magnetic nanoparticles | Engineered antibody | S1 | – | – | HCoV-HKU1 | – | – | – | 1 | [212] |
O12 | OP | SERS | Core–shell Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Antibody | S(RBD) | – | SARS-CoV S | – | – | – | – | 2 | [214] |
MERS-CoV S | |||||||||||||
P01 | OP | Colorimetric | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | ACE-2 | S1 | – | – | – | – | INF A (H1N1) | – | 4 | [215] |
INF B | |||||||||||||
HSV-2 | |||||||||||||
MHV | |||||||||||||
P02 | OP | Colorimetric | Core–shell Au@Pt nanoparticles | Antibody | S1 | SARS-CoV-2 N | – | – | – | – | GOX | 6 | [216] |
Collagen | |||||||||||||
BSA | |||||||||||||
Amylase | |||||||||||||
Lysozyme | |||||||||||||
P03 | OP | Colorimetric | Core–shell Au@Pt nanoparticles | Antibody | N | – | SARS-CoV N | HCoV-NL63 | – | INF A (H1N1) | Bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) | 16 | [217] |
INF A (H3N2) | |||||||||||||
HCoV-OC43 | INF B (Victoria) | ||||||||||||
INF B (Yamagata) | |||||||||||||
MERS-CoV N | HCoV-229E | MeV | |||||||||||
MuV | |||||||||||||
HCoV-HKU1 | RuV | ||||||||||||
VZV | |||||||||||||
Q02 | OP | Phononic sensors | Graphene | Antibody | S(RBD) | – | MERS-CoV S | – | – | – | – | 1 | [219] |
R01 | ME | Micro-cantilever | – | Antibody | S(RBD) | – | MERS-CoV S | – | – | INF A | – | 2 | [220] |
N | |||||||||||||
T01 | TH | Thermal assay | – | MIP | S(RBD) | – | – | – | – | – | HSA | 3 | [222] |
ORF8 | |||||||||||||
IL-6 | |||||||||||||
U04 | CO | SERS (+ LFA) | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | Antibody | S(RBD) | MERS-CoV S | INF A | Bacterium (Pneumoniae) | 3 | [226] | |||
U06 | CO | SERS (+ LFA) | Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) | ACE-2 | S(RBD) | – | SARS-CoV S | – | – | – | BSA | 4 | [228] |
MERS-CoV S | HSA |