Table 1 Performance of CNT-based X-ray sources
Ref | Year | CNT deposition (substrate) | Max stable beam current (A) | |Max anode voltage| (kV) | Pulse frequency (Hz) | % drift in anode current in non-feedback mode (%I a ) | Approx. turn-on (V/μm) (@ J a ) | Focal spot size (mm) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[159] | 2005 | Electrophoresis | 10 mA (15 V/μm) | 40 | DC | <5% | ~2.6 (/) | 0.15 | Micro focus |
[199] | 2007 | PE-CVD (W and Pd wire) | 50 μA ~ (3 V/μA) | 15 | DC | / | / | 0.05 | Micro focus |
[163] | 2007 | PE-CVD (W wire) | 26 μA (5 V/μm) | 40 | DC | / | 1.6 (10 mA/cm2) | 0.005 | Micro focus |
[200] | 2010 | PE-CVD (W and Pd wire) | 0.1Â mA (/) | 25 | DC | <15% | 3.2 (/) | 0.0004 | Micro focus |
[201] | 2004 | Solution Processed | 6 mA (15 V/μm) | 60 | 107–8 | <±1% | ~7.1 (/) | 0.15 × 0.03 | Micro focus high pulse rate |
[149] | 2002 | Electrophoresis | 28 mA (/) | 14 | 103 | ±2-4% | 2.0 (1 mA/cm2) | 3.2 | Pulsed |
[202] | 2006 | / | 1Â mA (/) | 40 | 1 | ~50% | / | 0.2 | Pulsed multi-pixel |
[203] | 2009 | Electrophoretic | 18 mA | 30 | 102 | / | ~5.0 (/) | 0.5 × 0.3 | Pulsed multi-pixel (25×1) |
[171] | 2011 | Screen Printing | 43 mA (/) | 45 | 5 | ±0.2% | / | 0.6 | Pulsed multi-pixel (31×1) |
[203] | 2009 | Electrophoresis | 18 mA (/) | 40 | 103 | <7% | 6.5 (/) | 0.1 | Multi-pixel (25×1) shaped cathode |
[169] | 2011 | Electrophoresis | 3.5 mA (7.5 V/μm) | 1.4 | DC | / | 3.5 (10 μA/cm2) | 2.0 | Multi-pixel (5×10) |
[204] | 2013 | CVD | 0.6 mA (16 V/μm) | 40 | DC | / | ~8 (/) | / | Ballasted |
[160] | 2009 | Electrophoresis | 7.0 mA (8.5 V/μm) | 50 | 10 | ±13% | 5 (/) | 0.1 | Shaped cathode |
[205] | 2012 | CVD | 90 mA (7.5 V/μm) | 50 | DC | / | 3.0 (0.1 mA) | / | Shaped cathode |
[206] | 2006 | DC Electrophoresis | 150 mA (12 V/μm) | 40 | 102 | / | / | 0.03 | Shaped cathode pulsed micro focus |
[182] | 2004 | CVD (Mo disk) | ca. 15 mA (4.6 V/μm) | 1.1 | 10−1 | / | ~2.0 (/) | 0.5 | Miniature battery operated |
[150] | 2004 | CVD | 0.3 mA (7.0 V/μm) | 30 | DC | ±8% | / | / | Miniature |
[198] | 2005 | / | ~40 μA (/) | / | 2x103 | ~50% | / | 1.0 | Miniature |
[207] | 2012 | Paste | 0.6 mA (1.4 V/μm) | 70 | DC | ±2% | / | 3.7 | Miniature |
[208] | 2013 | Paste | 1.2 mA (4.7 V/μm) | 25 | 10 | ~ <1% | ~3.5 (/) | / | Miniature |
[209] | 2004 | CVD (Mo disk) | ~2 mA (4.65 V/μm) | 10 | 10−1 | / | 2.2 (10 nA) | 0.5 | Miniature pulsed |
[210] | 2006 | Ion bombardment (polyimide) | / | 25 | 6x102 | / | 1.5 (1 μA/cm2) | / | / |
[148] | 2001 | CVD (metal wire) | 1.5 μA (20 V/μm) | 60 | DC | ±10% | / | / | / |
[151] | 2004 | PE-CVD (W and Pd wire) | 1 mA (/) | 40 | DC | ±8% | / | 2.0 | / |
[184] | 2007 | CVD | 2.0 mA (0.5 V/μm) | 10 | DC | ~50% | ~0.2 (/) | / | / |
[211] | 2008 | PE-CVD (Pd wire) | 1.0 mA (/) | 50 | DC | ±10% | / | 3.0 | / |
2014 | Screen Printing | 15 mA (2.6 V/μm) | 20 | 10 | / | / | 0.3 | / |