Surfactant mediated liquid phase exfoliation of graphene

Narayan, Rekha; Kim, Sang Ouk

doi:10.1186/s40580-015-0050-x

Nano Convergence

Table 1 Comparison of different aromatic ionic surfactants for producing colloidal dispersions of graphene

From: Surfactant mediated liquid phase exfoliation of graphene

Surfactant/SA	Graphite source/Solvent	Sonication procedure/time	Yield/Gr-conc.	Flake lateral size	Thickness/quality	Shelf-life	Ref.
SDBS	Graphite powder Sigma/Water	Low power bath sonication (Branson 1510E-MT) 30 min	0.002-0.05 mg/mL	<1μm	Majority less than 5 layers. Exact value not given	35 % stable over 30 days	40
TCNQ	Expanded Graphite/Water	Sonication time 90 min.; type not mentioned.	0.015-0.02 mg/mL	100 nm –few μm	Majority 2-3 layers	NG	41
Coronene carboxylate (CS)	Thermally exfoliated graphite oxide (EG)(5L±1)/water	Heating Gr/CS mixtures at 100 ^oC for 24 hrs. Sonication time 2 hrs at 70 ^oC; type not mentioned.	HG-CS yield given 0.15mg/mL. EG-CS yield not mentioned	NG	0.5-1 nm thick 1-2layer flakes	NG	42
Coronene carboxylate (CS)	Arc evaporated graphite in hydrogen atmosphere (HG)(3L±1)/water		HG-CS yield given 0.15mg/mL. EG-CS yield not mentioned	NG	0.5-1 nm thick 1-2layer flakes	NG	42
Rose Bengal	Expanded Graphite by microwave assisted heating/10 % Dimethyl-acetamide aqueous solution	Bath sonication 250W/6-10 hrs.	12 wt %	<400nm	>80 %,2-3layer flakes	NG	43
Pyridinium tribromide (Py ⁺ Br ^3- )	HOPG	Bath type sonicator(Branson® 3510R-DTH)/45 min	0.04 mg/mL	sub μm to several μms	Average thickness 174±105 nm. 75 % single layer	Over 1year	44
Diazaperopyrenium dication MP ²⁺	Graphite powder (Alfa Aesar)/ DMF, Water	Sonication time 30 min; type not mentioned	NG	NG	2-4 layers majority	More than 3 weeks	45
Diazapyrenium dication DAP ²⁺	Graphite powder (Alfa Aesar)/ DMF, Water	Time 24 hrs	No exfoliation at all.				45
Pyrene-carboxylic acid (Py-COOH)	Graphite powder (Sigma)/ Methanol-water (1:4)	Bath sonicator (Branson 5510) 45 min sonication in MeOH, 24 hrs sonication in MeOH/H₂O.	0.01 mg/mL	100 nm to few μm	Less than 10 nm thick few layers.	>10 days	49
Pyrene-NH ₂	Synthetic graphite (<20 μm) (Sigma)/Water	Bath Sonicator (Sonics VX-130, 130W, 45 % power)ice bath, 2hrs	50 %	μm range,	Average thickness 0.9±3 nm	2 days	47
Pyrene-4SO ₃	Synthetic graphite (<20 μm) (Sigma)/water	Less than 2 hrs	NG	NG	Average thickness 1.3 -2.6 nm	NG	47
Pyrene-1SO ₃	Graphite powder /Ehtanol-water (5:1)	Bath sonication (US-4R, 40KHz, 10W)/30 min, followed by heating at 450 ^oC for 2h with SCF shaking.	60 %	1-1.5 μm	0.6-2 nm 60 % 1-2layers.	NG	50
Pyrene-1SO ₃	Expanded Graphite (Asbury Carbons CAS 7782-425 ,GRADE-3805)/DI-water	Tip sonication(Misonix-XL2000, 7W)/1hr.	0.8-1 mg/mL	2-2.5 μm	2-4layers	NG	51
Pyrene-4SO ₃	Graphite powder (NGS-Germany)/D₂O solvent	70 W Probe sonicator(pulse mode in ice bath)/2hrs	NG	NG	1.29-1.65 nm 90 % single layer	NG	46

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