The dynamics of electron beam scattering on metal membranes: nanopore formation in metal membranes using transmission electron microscopy

Nano Convergence

Table 1 Calculations and literature survey of \({\text{E}}_{\text{d}} ,\;{\text{E}}_{\text{sub}} ,\;{\text{and}}\;{\text{E}}_{\text{s}}\) for various metals

Metal	Atomic number	Atomic weight	E_d	E_sub	E_s	M.P. (°C)	Structure
Al	13	26.98	16	3.4	5.1–8.5	660	FCC^a
Ti	22	47.87	15	4.9	7.4–12.3	1660	HCP^b
V	23	50.94	29	5.3	8.0–13.3	1890	BCC^c
Cr	24	52	22	4.1	6.2–10.3	1857	BCC
Fe	26	55.85	16	4.3	6.5–10.8	1535	BCC
Ni	28	58.69	22	4.5	6.8–11.3	1453	FCC
Co	27	58.93	23	4.4	6.6–11.0	1495	HCP
Cu	29	63.55	18	3.5	5.3–8.8	1083	FCC
Zn	30	65.39	16	1.4	2.1–3.5	420	HCP
Nb	41	92.91	24	7.5	11.3–18.8	2468	BCC
Mo	42	95.94	27	6.8	10.2–17.0	2617	BCC
Ag	47	107.87	28	2.9	4.4–7.3	962	FCC
Cd	48	112.41	20	1.2	1.8–3.0	321	HCP
Ta	73	180.95	33	8.1	12.2–20.3	2996	BCC
Pt	78	195.08	33	5.9	8.9–14.8	1772	FCC
Au	79	196.97	36	3.8	5.7–9.5	1064	FCC