Table 1 Peptide–nanoparticle conjugates for efficient drug delivery
From: Peptide–nanoparticle conjugates: a next generation of diagnostic and therapeutic platforms?
Application | Peptide | Nanoparticle (NP) | Therapeutic agents | In vitro study | In vivo study | Refs. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Target | Type | Complex size (nm) | Model | Efficacy | Model | Efficacy | |||
Nuclear-target drug delivery | TAT | Target importin alpha and beta for intranuclear translocalization | Mesoporous Silica | 25, 50 | Doxorubicin | MTT Assay for DOX-Carrier Cytotoxicity | Hela cell viability: ~ 30% | N/A | N/A | [41] |
Adenoviral NLS | Interact with nuclear pore complex for nuclear uptake | BSA-coated AuNP | 25 | Preliminary study (N/A) | LDH colorimetric toxicity assay for Carrier Cytotoxicity | HepG2 cell viability: < 5% decrease compared to control | N/A | N/A | [42] | |
Adenoviral RME | For receptor mediated endocytosis into the cell | |||||||||
Adenoviral NLS | Targets nuclear pore complex for NP entrance into nucleus | AuNP | 13 | SiRNA | MCF-7 (Breast), HeLa (Cervix), HepG2 (Liver) cancer cells | TK1 mRNA expression decreased 10% | MCF7 tumor-bearing mice | Inhibited tumor growth. ~ 2.5× lower weight than control | [43] | |
Transdermal drug delivery | TAT | Assists with membrane disruption and cellular uptake | AuNP | 200 | pDNA | Nude mouse skin | Past epidermis and within dermal layer | N/A | N/A | [44] |
Transfection of B16F10 Cells | 1.71 * 107 RLU/mg (significantly higher) | |||||||||
TD | Targets the Na+/K+-ATPase beta-subunit of the stratum corneum for enhanced skin permeability | Liposome | 105 | Vemurafenib | Franz diffusion cell system | ~ 60 µg Vem quantity in receptor after 24 h. (significantly higher) | BALB/c nude mice | Significant antitumor efficacy | [46] | |
TAT | Arginine groups in TAT bind stratum corneum and assist NP movement into epidermal layers | Nano lipid crystal NPs | 180 | Celecoxib | Hairless rat skin permeation using Franz diffusion cells | Threefold higher conc. in stratum corneum. Highest epidermal concentration (90 µg/g of skin). Max depth 120 µm | N/A | N/A | [45] | |
Blood brain barrier drug delivery | G23 | Targets gangliosides GM1 and GT1b for the mediated transport of NPs across the BBB | Polymersome | 165 | Preliminary study (N/A) | hCMEC/D3 cells on transwell filters | ~ 30% transcytotic capacity (4 times increase over nontargeted) | BALB/c nude mice | Significant accumulation in brain parenchyma. Also, accumulation in cortex, striatum, midbrain, pons and cerebellum | [48] |
LNP | Cell penetrating peptide for cellular uptake | DGL-PEG | 90 | pDNA | BCEC cells in well plates | Papp achieved 92.43 * 10−6 cm/s and ~ 275 pmol total transport (both significantly higher) | Nude orthotopic glioma-bearing mice | Increased median survival time and statistically significant survival prolongation | [49] | |