Table 3 Peptide–nanoparticle conjugates for biomarker detection

CTC

EpCAM

K_D: 2.69 × 10⁻¹⁰ M (SPR)

Iron oxide magnetic NP

235 nm (NP)

305 nm (conjugate)

MCF-7, SK-BR-3 (breast), PC3 (prostate), Hep G2 (Liver)

90% (capture)

93% (purity)

> 90% (viability)

N/A

[111]

HER2

Capacity: 70%

Selectivity: 0.7, (FCM, compared to anti-HER2 Ab)

Iron oxide magnetic NP

200 nm

MCF-7, SK-BR3 (Breast), SKOV3 (ovarian)

75% (capture)

N/A

[112]

EGFR

K_D: 4.59 × 10⁻⁴ M (AFM)

Magnetic nanovesicles

219 nm

SMMC-7721 (hepatoma)

90% (capture)

Tested with 25 lung cancer patients’ samples.

[114]

EGFR

N/A

AuNP

60 nm

Tu212 (head and neck), H292, H460 (Lung), MDA-MB-231 (Breast)

1–720 CTCs/mL (sensitivity)

> 10⁴:1 (specificity)

* SERS detection

Tested with 19 head and neck cancer patients’ samples

[115]

Exosome and extracellular Vesicle

CD63

N/A

Nickel Dynabeads

N/A

Human serum obtained from 10 healthy volunteers

54% (capture)

Tested with 15 HCC and 18 pancreatic patients’ samples

[118]

Hsp70

N/A

Streptavidin-coupled Dynabeads

N/A

Lysates from MCF-7 (breast)

Similar with ultracentrifugation (capture)

N/A

[121]

cfDNA and miRNA

miR-21, miR-96, miR-125b

N/A

Nano metal—organic framework (NMOF, UiO-66)

125 nm

Synthetic miRNA MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 (breast), MCF-10A (non-tumor, breast)

< 10 pM (limit of detection)

N/A

[124]

miR-21, miR-96, miR-125b

N/A

Nanosized graphene oxide

0.05–300 nm (lateral) 1.03 nm (height)

Synthetic miRNA MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 (breast), MDA-MB-435 (melanoma), HeLa (Cervix)

1 pM (limit of detection)

N/A

[125]

let-7b, let-7c, miR-21

N/A

AuNP

10 nm

Synthetic miRNA + human serum

< 10 fM (limit of detection) one-base mismatch (selectivity)

N/A

[126]

E542K, E545K, methylation of PIK3CA gene

N/A

AuNP

50 nm

Synthetic ctDNA + human serum

50 fM (limit of detection)

N/A

[127]