Photocatalytic and electrocatalytic approaches towards atmospheric nitrogen reduction to ammonia under ambient conditions

Nano Convergence

Table 2 A brief summary of the representative experimental studies on NRR using various photocatalytic heterogeneous catalysts

Catalyst	Electrolyte	Condition	NH3 formation rate	Unit	Quantum efficiency	Light source	Year
FeMoS-chalcogels	Pyridinium hydrochloride and sodium ascorbate	25 °C	4.44E−11	mol s⁻¹	N/A	150 W Xenon Lamp	2015 [20]
BiOBr nanosheets	Water	25 °C	2.89E−08	mol s⁻¹ g⁻¹	0.23%	Visible Light (λ > 420 nm)	2015 [21]
Graphitic carbon nitride(g-C₃N₄)	0.1 M Na₂SO₄	RT	3.44444E−07	mol s⁻¹ g⁻¹	N/A	300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm)	2015 [51]
CdS:nitrogenase MoFe protein biohybrid	0.5 M HEPES	25 °C	5.25E−06	mol s⁻¹ g⁻¹	3.30%	~3.5 mW cm⁻² of 405 nm	2016 [19]
Titanium dioxide	Water	RT	1.01273E−09	mol s⁻¹ g⁻¹	0.02% (Solar to chemical energy)	1sun	2017 [49]
CuCr-LDH(Layered-Double-Hydroxide) Nanosheets	1 M KOH	25 °C	1.85E−04	mol L⁻¹	N/A	300 W Xe lamp (λ > 400 nm)	2017 [50]
Bi₂WO₆ by cyclized polyacrylonitrile (c-PAN)	Water	RT	3.89E−08	mol s⁻¹ g⁻¹	N/A	visible light provided by a 300 W Xe lamp	2018 [80]
Mo-doped W₁₈O₄₉ ultrathin nanowires	0.5 M Na₂SO₄	RT	5.43E−08	mol s⁻¹ g ⁻¹_cat	0.33%	300 W Xe lamp	2018 [52]
Au nanocrystal-decorated ultrathin TiO₂ nanosheets	Water and Methanol		3.63E−08	mol s⁻¹ g⁻¹	0.82%	300 W Xe lamp (λ > 420 nm)	2018 [53]
ECG (electrochemical grade) boron-doped diamond	Water	25 °C	5.55556E−11	mol s⁻¹	N/A	450 W high-pressure Hg/Xe lamp (λ > 180 nm)	2013 [22]
Plasmon-enhanced black silicon	SO₃²⁻ Solution	25 °C	2.12418E−09	mol s⁻¹ cm⁻²	0.003%	2suns	2018 [23]