Advances in self-healing supramolecular soft materials and nanocomposites

Thangavel, Gurunathan; Tan, Matthew Wei Ming; Lee, Pooi See

doi:10.1186/s40580-019-0199-9

Nano Convergence

Table 1 Summary of recent self-healing systems based on supramolecular hydrogen bonds and metal-coordination crosslinking: mechanical characteristics, self-healing-conditions, and efficiencies

From: Advances in self-healing supramolecular soft materials and nanocomposites

Polymer matrix	Healing motif	T_g (°C)	Mechanical characteristics		Healing conditions	Healing efficiency	Appearance	Ref.
Polymer matrix	Healing motif	T_g (°C)	UTS (MPa)	ES (%)	Healing conditions	Healing efficiency	Appearance	Ref.
HBP (PS/PA-amide)	H-bonding	2–5	1.9	780	RT, 24 h	90%	Non-transparent	[26]
FA and urea	H-bonding	28	3.4	600	RT, 18 h	80%	Non-transparent	[92]
BCP	H-bonding	~ 2–4	~ 4.38	~ 750	60 °C, 24 h	~ 90%	Non-transparent	[94]
SPB-2%	H-bonding	1	1.02	410	RT, 1 h	95%	Transparent	[95]
HN-DGEBA-TGMDA	H-bonding	23	1.5	325	RT, 24 h	~ 100%	Non-transparent	[96]
PMMA, PA-amide	H-bonding	1–5	3	500	RT, 24 h	80%	Non-transparent	[97]
Crosslinked PU	H-bonding	− 7	~ 26.5	~ 870	100 °C, 24 h	92.3%	Non-transparent	[98]
TUEG₃	H-bonding	27	45	393	140 °C, 30 s	~ 85%	Non-transparent	[58]
LPU	H-bonding	16–40	1.57	104.87	50 °C, 60 min	96%	Transparent	[99]
Fe-Hpdca-PDMS	Metal–ligand	90	0.03	1850	RT, 48 h	90%	Non-transparent	[28]
Fe-triazole-PDMS	Metal–ligand	− 90	0.22	3400	60 °C, 20 h	94.3%	Non-transparent	[100]
Zn(OTf)₂-PDMS	Metal–ligand	− 50	0.63	330	RT, 48 h	76%	Non-transparent	[101]
Co-triazole-PDMS	Metal–ligand	− 100	1.12	560	140 °C, 24 h	52.2%	Non-transparent	[102]
HBN-1% GO	Metal–ligand	− 5 to 9	0.5	550	RT, 1 h	~ 100%	Non-transparent	[103]
ACON	Metal–ligand	− 5 to 40	2	920	50 °C, 3 h	83%	Non-transparent	[104]
MD₅₀ -F₅	Metal–ligand	18 to 64	12	450	90 °C,12 h	98%	Non-transparent	[105]
ICPs-Zn (NTf₂)₂ (ICP-2)	Metal–ligand	− 37.8	1.7	593	RT, 3 h	~ 100%	Non-transparent	[63]

UTS: ultimate tensile strength; EB: elongation at break; T_g: glass transition temperature obtained from DSC/DMA; Fe-Hpdca-PDMS-Fe-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide (pdca) coordination complex with PDMS; Zn(OTf)₂-PDMS-Zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate-PDMS based metal–ligand coordination; HBN: amine-terminated randomly branched oligomer; GO: graphene oxide; SPB-2%: the functionalized polybutadiene-COOH and polybutadiene-NH₂ based on ionic hydrogen bonding with 2 wt% of tri-functional thiol as a covalent cross-linker; DGEBA: a bifunctional diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A; TGMDA: a tetrafunctional 4,4′-methylenebis (N,N-diglycidylaniline); HN-50_75%DGEBA_25%TGMDA: hybrid networks containing 75% DGEBA and 25% TGMDA; ACON: secondary amide-containing cyclooctene (CO) network via carbodiimide coupling with N-acetylglycine; PMMA-PA amide: a hard polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and soft polyacrylate-amide (PA-amide) brushes that exhibit thermoplastic elastomer properties; MD₅₀-F₅: poly-N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-2-methoxyethyl acrylate + 5% Fe₂O₃; crosslinked PU: the amount of the synchronous (C-ON) bond involved in fission/radical recombination that enables interrelated reprogramming, intrinsic self-healing of wider crack and recycling of the crosslinked PU; TUEG₃: poly(ether-thioureas) with triethylene glycol; LPU: a linear polyurethane with high contents of urea and urethane group for h-bonding formations to facilitate self-healing; ICPs-Zn(NTf₂)₂: imidazole-containing brush polymers (ICPs)-zinc di[bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide] (Zn(NTf₂)₂) based metal–ligand (zinc-imidazole) interactions in the soft matrix of a hard/soft two-phase brush copolymer system and BCP: block copolymers (PA-amide)-b-PMMA-b-(PA-amide)

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