Fig. 1

Schematic illustration of Li deposition on a bare Li foil during plating, forming micron-sized Li dendrites; and b PAF-protected Li foil, where PAF is composed of organic PVDF-HFP and homogeneously dispersive inorganic AlPO₄ nanoparticles. Consequently, Li-ions are homogeneously redistributed in the film before Li plating, leading to uniform Li plating at nanometer scale