Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of different AMs fabrication methods
From: Heavy metal removal applications using adsorptive membranes
AMs | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|
PMs | Lots of selections for polymer material Easy to incorporate polymer materials together Membranes with smooth/porous surface membrane Applying for regeneration and reuse | Be limited to thermal stability |
PCMs | Simple and rough fabrication method Lamellar structure: non-toxicity, low-cost, high cation exchangeability, and mechanical and chemical stabilities | Foul, slower, and more extreme recovery methods Lots of depressions and microcracks on the membrane surface due to the manual compaction and deformation during the ceramics firing process Unreachable sites and low surface areas due to the stack of lamellar structures Be limited about recycling number |
ENMs | Lots of selections for the material Easy to incorporate additives in nanofibers High versatility in control of nanofiber diameter, microstructure, and arrangement Membranes with high porosity (> 90.0%) and high surface-to-volume ratio Abundant nanostructures: bilayer, tri-layer nanofibers Applying for regeneration and reuse | Difficult to attain nanofibers with diameters below 100 nm Difficult to attain ENMs with maximum pore sizes smaller than 100 nm Slow yield speed |
NEMs | Larger surface contact, higher reactivity, and better disposal ability Best describing the function of the nanomaterials in the membrane High aspect ratio, mechanical strength, compatibility of the carbon matrix with the polymeric structure, and strong interactions and adhesion Applying for regeneration and reuse | Requires particles with narrow size distribution Decreasing energy demand Need to use chemicals for membrane cleaning, membrane durability, and membrane performance |