Table 2 Published papers in heavy metal removal using AMs

PMs

CTS/PEG

nCTS

ECH-cCTS

GLA-cCTS

nCTS

ECH-cCTS

GLA-cCTS

CTS

PVT-co-PAN

PVA/PEI

CTS/PVA/PEI

CA/PEI

Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺

Hg²⁺

Hg²⁺

Hg²⁺

Cr⁶⁺

Cr⁶⁺

Cr⁶⁺

Cu²⁺

Cu²⁺

Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺

Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺

Cu²⁺

–

15.1

18.3

35.2

37.9

45.5, 92.0

86.9, 31.7

97.2

87.4

60.0, 26.0, 16.0

74.8, 57.4, 50.3

14.8

38.0, 18.0

25.3

30.3

75.5

885.0

270.0, 1420.0

950.0, 347.0

87.5

44.3

122.2, 37.1, 29.9

112.1, 86.1, 75.5

7.4

5.0, 5.9

6.0

6.0

6.0

6.0

2.0, 6.0

2.0, 6.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

6.0

5.0

0.1 M HCl

1 M NaCl,

10^–4 M EDTA

1 M NaCl,

10^–4 M EDTA

1 M NaCl,

10^–4 M EDTA

1 M NaCl

1 M NaCl

1 M NaCl

0.03 M H₂SO₄

0.25 mM HCl,

0.25 mM EDTA

0.05 M HCl, 0.05 M HNO₃

0.05 M Na₂EDTA

0.1 M HCl

 > 98.0

73.1, 52.3

86.6, 50.5

43.2, 19.9

48.6

77.2, 49.1

40.3, 35.7

 ~ 35.0

 ~ 78.0, ~ 96.0

98.8, 61.8 (Cu²⁺)

 ~ 80.0

10.5

4

–

–

–

3

3

3

5

–

5

4

3

[48]

[50]

[50]

[50]

[52]

[52]

[52]

[130]

[129]

[53]

[54]

[55]

PCMs

PANOB

CMC

Al oxide-CMC

Fe oxide-CMC

Fe oxide-PE₈M

Fe oxide-PE₂₅M

CPBC

PANlB

CCPM

Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺

Se⁴⁺

Se⁴⁺

Se⁴⁺

Cr⁶⁺

Cr⁶⁺

Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺,

Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺

U⁶⁺

Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺

99.8, 98.9, 97.4

19.0

19.0

15.0

95.0

84.0

95.0, 95.0, 85.0, 70.0

70.5

96.0, 99.5

77.4, 65.4, 52.6

18.4

17.2

8.2

8.8

7.7

88.5, 72.9,

51.5, 48.5

14.1

9.6, 19.9

2.0–7.0

4.0–4.5

4.0–4.5

4.0–4.5

1.0–9.0

1.0–9.0

6.0, 7.0,

6.0, 8.0

5.0

6.5, 6.0

0.1 M HCl

NaCl

NaCl, NaOH

–

HCl, NaOH

–

0.05 M Ca(NO₃)₂,

0.05 M EDTA, 0.05 M DTPA

0.1 M HCl

0.1 M HNO₃; 0.01 M EDTA

 > 90.0

11.0

15.0, 44.0

–

90.0

–

 > 90.0

 ~ 68.0

72.1, 66.7; 75.3, 68.0

4

–

–

–

–

–

–

7

–

[58]

[59]

[59]

[59]

[60]

[60]

[65]

[66]

[67]

ENMs

AOPAN/RC

PEI/PVA

PEI/PES

TC

PAN/PVA

PVA

CTS

PVA/CTS

CNC/CTS/PVA-SH

PAN/CTS

PEI/CTS

Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺

Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺

Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺

Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺

Cr⁶⁺, Cd²⁺

Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺

Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺

Ni²⁺, Co²⁺

Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺

Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺

Cr⁶⁺, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺

31.2, 11.5, 2.9

23.0, 25.6, 32.8

90.4, 89.8, 93.2

4.9, 4.6, 2.2

33.3, 28.0

–

46.0, 68.7

79.3, 77.1

39.4, 44.8

51.1, 52.9

50.33, 27.3, 19.3

417.2, 270.7, 127.0

70.9, 121.9, 94.3

94.3, 161.3, 357.1

49.0, 45.9, 22.0

66.5, 33.6

58.3, 161.7

10.3, 25.6

23.9, 10.0

484.1, 323.5

385.0, 240.0

139.0, 69.3, 68.3

2.0, 5.0, 6.0

5.0

5.0–7.0

2.0–7.0

2.0, 6.0

–

5.0

6.0

6.0

7.0, 5.0

2.0, 4.0, 6.0

0.1 M HCl

0.05 M EDTA, 0.05 M HCl, 0.05 M HNO₃

0.05 M EDTA

–

0.1 M NaOH, 1 M HNO₃

–

EDTA

–

4 M HCl

–

0.01 M HCl, 0.01 M NaOH

 > 70.0

95.6, 51.4, 20.7 (Cu²⁺)

96.2, 98.2, 97.2

–

 > 90.0

–

32.2, 41.8

–

90.6, 90.2

–

40.3, 21.0, 13.3

5

3

3

–

3

–

3

–

4

–

5

[84]

[86]

[89]

[98]

[85]

[81]

[96]

[94]

[97]

[100]

[99]

NEMs

CCGO

GO/PSf

GO/PVA

GO/cellulose

AgNPs-St-PEG-AcANCH

PAN/MO/CTS

PAN/MO

pHEMA/CTS

CTS/HAp

CTS/PVA/Zeo

MOFs

Zr-MOFs

Cr⁶⁺

Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cr⁶⁺

Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cd²⁺

Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺

Hg²⁺

Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺

Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺

Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺

Pb²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺

Cr⁶⁺, Fe³⁺, Ni²⁺

Cu²⁺

Cu²⁺

81.2

 > 90.0

72.6, 62.3, 83.8

 > 90.0 (from Co²⁺ to Cd²⁺), 100.0 (Pb²⁺)

 ~ 90.0, 85.0

61.2, 86.0

36.4, 77.2

37.6, 25.1, 78.4

78.5, 80.0, 55.5

 ~ 100.0, 93.0, 98.0

6.0

98.8

67.7

75.0, 68.0, 79.0, 154.0

72.6, 62.3, 83.8

15.5, 14.3, 26.6, 16.7, 26.8, 107.9

158.2, 182.5

461.0, 390.0

91.0, 193.0

18.5, 22.7, 68.8

296.7, 213.8, 180.2

8.8, 6.2,

1.8

59.8

988.2

3.0

6.5, 6.4, 6.7, 3.5

5.7

4.5

7.0, 6.0

7.0, 5.0

7.0, 5.0

5.0

–

–

6.0

6.0

0.1 M NaOH

DI H₂O/HCl

1 M HCl

0.1 M HNO₃

–

–

0.01 M HNO₃

1 M HNO₃

DI H₂O

–

–

76.9

 ~ 90.0

64.7, 54.8, 75.2

 ~ 98.0 (Pb²⁺)

–

–

 > 95.0

75.4, 72.5, 52.4

99.0, 92.0, 96.0

–

–

5

3

6

10

–

–

–

5

5

5

–

–

[118]

[120]

[26]

[121]

[128]

[100]

[100]

[122]

[123]

[104]

[124]

[124]