Table 1 Photocatalytic hydrogen production from monomeric substrates using visible light sources

Pt/TiO₂/SiO₂

MeOH/H₂O

100

(AM 1.5G)

497

Han et al. 2015 [22]

Au/TiO₂

MeOH/H₂O

–

(Solar Simulator)

1.4–7.0

Serra et al. 2015 [38]

Au/TiO₂

EtOH

100

(Solar Simulator)

5–6

Puga et al. 2014 [35]

CuO_x/TiO₂

EtOH

100

(Solar Simulator equipped with 150 W Xe lamp)

–

(4 mg h⁻¹ g⁻¹_cat)

Ampelli et al. 2013 [67]

Fe₂O₃

EtOH

–

(Solar Simulator)

–

(20 mmol h⁻¹ m⁻²)

Carraro et al. 2014 [68]

Ag/Fe₂O₃

EtOH

–

(Solar Simulator)

–

(24.0 mmol h⁻¹ m⁻²)

Carraro et al. 2014 [68]

Au/Fe₂O₃

EtOH

–

(Solar Simulator)

–

(45.0 mmol h⁻¹ m⁻²)

Carraro et al. 2014 [68]

Pt/TiO₂-nanotubes

EtOH

–

(Low-power solar lamp, 60 W tungsten)

–

(37.1 μmol h⁻¹ cm⁻²)

Ampelli et al. 2010 [69]

Cu₂O/TiO₂-nanorods

Glycerol

–

(Natural sunlight)

50.339

Kumar et al.. 2015 [70]

TiO₂-nanorods

Glycerol

–

(Natural sunlight)

2.95

Kumar et al. 2015 [70]

CuO/TiO₂-nanotubes

Glycerol

–

(Natural sunlight)

99.823

Kumar et al. 2013 [71]

ZnO/ZnS-nanorods

Glycerol

–

(500 W Xe)

0.3884

Sang et al. 2012 [72]

Cu₂O-microcrystals

Formaldehyde

50

(Xe > 420 nm)

–

(82.2 μmol in 3 h)

Gao et al. 2015 [73]

Pt@ZnIn₂S₄/RGO/BiVO₄ (Z-scheme)

Formaldehyde

–

1.687

Zhu et al. 2019 [74]

Ir-Bpy-ENT (Iridium-based bipyridine- and ethenyl-incorporated bifunctional organosilica nanotubes)

Formaldehyde

–

(Vis > 420 nm)

–

(14.9 mL in 5 h)

Zhang et al. 2018 [75]

Cu/TiO₂

Acetic acid

100

(AM 1.5 G)

0.036

Imizcoz et al. 2019 [76]

NiS/CdS

Lactic acid (with lignin)

–

(300 W Xe \(\ge\) 400 nm)

1.5124

Li et al. 2018 [50]

Pt/Holey carbon nitride-N-acetylethanolamine (HCN-NEA)

Triethanolamine

–

(300 W Xe)

22.043

Liu et al. 2020 [77]

Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/g-C₃N₄

Ascorbic acid

334.8

(300 W Xe \(\ge\) 500 nm)

−   (3.045 μmol h⁻¹) 

Zhang et al. 2015 [78]

Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/g-C₃N₄

Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid

6.3

(300 W Xe \(\ge\) 420 nm)

0.044

Zhang et al. 2015 [78]

Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/g-C₃N₄

Triethanolamine

6.3

(300 W Xe \(\ge\) 500 nm)

− (0.104 μmol h⁻¹)

Zhang et al. 2015 [78]

Pt/C₃N₄-TiO₂

Triethanolamine

–

(250 W visible light source)

1.042

Alcudia-Ramos et al. 2020 [79]

Mn-MOF@Au

Triethylamine

–

(2.02 W white LED)

0.6

Luo et al. 2018 [80]