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Table 3 Photocatalytic hydrogen production from raw biomass using visible light sources

From: Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from biomass conversion

Photocatalyst

Substrate

Power intensity

mW cm−2

Production rates

mmol h−1 gcat−1

Refs.

Pt/TiO2

Fescue grass

–

(150 W Xe)

0.061

Caravaca et al. 2016 [116]

Co/CdS/CdOx

Wooden branch

100

(AM 1.5 G)

5.31

Wakerley et al. 2017 [114]

Co/CdS/CdOx

Sawdust

100

(AM 1.5 G)

0.75

Wakerley et al. 2017 [114]

Co/CdS/CdOx

Grass

100

(AM 1.5 G)

1.0

Wakerley et al. 2017 [114]

Co/CdS/CdOx

Bagasse

100

(AM 1.5 G)

0.37

Wakerley et al. 2017 [114]

Cyanamide-functionalized carbon nitride

(NCNCNx)

Sawdust

100

(AM 1.5 G)

0.202

Kasap et al. 2018 [4]

CoO/g-C3N4

Wheat strawa

–

(300 W Xe)

129 µmol gcat−1

Wu et al. 2020 [20]

Au/CdS

Waste paper scrapsa

–

(300 W Xe > 400 nm)

0.0276

Wang et al. 2020 [8]

  1. aThese studies did pretreat the biomass substrate prior to photocatalytic utilization