Sustainable hydrogen production from water using tandem dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells

Nano Convergence

Table 1 Key components and performance data for tandem DSPECs for H₂ production

Tandem Type	Dye/Catalyst^a	Oxide Support^a	Photocurrent Density	STH%	Notes	Ref.
n/p-DSPEC	1/Ru(pdc)(pic)₃ 1/CoHEC	TiO₂ NiO	12 µA cm⁻²	–	Side-by-side illumination	Fan et al. [96]
n/p-DSPEC	15/Ru(pdc)(pic)₃ 16/Co(dmgBF₂)₂(H₂O)	TiO₂ NiO	70 µA cm⁻²	0.05%	\({\eta }_{{O}_{2}}\)= 55% Side-by-side illumination at 1 sun	Li et al. [76]
DSPEC-DSSC	23 24 or 25	SnO₂ TiO₂	20 µAcm⁻²	–	Hydroquinone sacrificial donor	Sherman et al. [12]
DSPEC-DSSC	6/Ru(bda) 17	SnO₂@TiO₂ TiO₂	40 µAcm⁻²	0.06%	\({\eta }_{{O}_{2}}\)= 45% (pH = 9)	Sherman et al. [12]
DSPEC-OSC	1/Ru(bda) BnDT-FTAZ/ITIC	SnO₂/TiO₂ Zn\|ITO, MoO₃-Al	1.24 mAcm⁻²	1.5%		Wang et al. [109]
DSPEC-PV	1/Ru(bda) p/n-Si	TiO₂	0.1 µAcm⁻²	0.1%	\({\eta }_{{O}_{2}}\)= 79%; \({\eta }_{{H}_{2}}=100\%\)	Sheridan et al. [89]

^aPhotoanode components listed first, photocathode second for n/p-DSPECs. More-blue absorbing junction listed first, more-red absorbing junction listed second for DSPEC-DSSCs