Rational design of photocatalysts for ammonia production from water and nitrogen gas

Choe, Seokwoo; Kim, Sung Min; Lee, Yeji; Seok, Jin; Jung, Jiyong; Lee, Jae Sung; Jang, Youn Jeong

doi:10.1186/s40580-021-00273-8

Nano Convergence

Table 1 The summary of photocatalytic nitrogen reduction performances and its operating conditions: photocatalysts

From: Rational design of photocatalysts for ammonia production from water and nitrogen gas

Photocatalysts	Light source	Hole scavenger	Ammonia production rate	Ammonia detection methods	Refs
PCN/rGO(0.2)	250 W Xe lamp 400 nm < λ < 800 nm	1 mM EDTA-2Na	544.6 µmol·L^-1·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler’s reagent^b	[14]
Ru/TiO₂	300 W Xe lamp	20% C₂H₅OH	3.31 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Indophenol blue	[20]
Cu/g-C₃N₄	300 W Xe lamp 400 nm < λ < 800 nm	20% C₂H₅OH	186 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler’s reagent	[34]
Ni-0.8-TiO₂	300 W Xe lamp	None	46.80 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler’s reagent	[45]
6%-TiO₂	300 W Xe lamp	None	78.9 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler’s reagent	[46]
Fe_0.1Sr_0.9TiO₃	300 W Xe lamp	None	30.1 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler’s reagent	[47]
Vo-BiOBr nanosheets	300 W Xe lamp	None	54.70 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler's reagent	[49]
V-g-C₃N₄^a	300 W Xe lamp 420 nm > λ	20% CH₃OH	1240 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler’s reagent	[50]
Bi₂MoO₆/Ov-BiOBr	300 W Xe lamp	None	90.7 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler’s reagent	[51]
Au/TiO₂-Ov	300 W Xe lamp 420 nm > λ	10% CH₃OH	78.6 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Indophenol blue	[52]
Au/(BiO)₂CO₃	300 W Xe lamp	None	38.2 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Indophenol blue	[53]
BiOCl	500 W Xe lamp	25% CH₃OH	92.4 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler's reagent	[54]
Bi₅O₇I	300 W Xe lamp	20% CH₃OH	111.5 µmol·L⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler’s reagent	[55]
Bi₅O₇Br	300 W Xe lamp 400 nm > λ	None	1380 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler's reagent	[56]
20Fe-2Al@3DGraphene	500 W Hg lamp	None	430 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Indophenol blue	[57]
Ultrathin MoS₂	500 W Xe lamp 420 nm > λ	None	325 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Isotopic labeling	[58]
CuCr-NSs	300 W Xe lamp 400 nm > λ	None	184.8 µmol·L⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler’s reagent	[59]
Mo-doped W₁₈O₄₉	300 W Xe lamp	1 mM Na₂SO₃	195.5 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler’s reagent, Ion chromatography	[60]
BiO quantum dots	500 W Xe lamp	None	1226 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Indophenol blue	[61]
C-WO₃·H₂O	500 W Xe lamp	None	205 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler's reagent	[62]
Fe-doped g-C₃N₄	250 W Na lamp 400 nm < λ < 800 nm	0.1% C₂H₅OH	317.1 µmol·L⁻¹·g^-1·h⁻¹	Nessler’s reagent	[63]
5% Ru@n-GaN NWs	300 W Xe lamp	None	120 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Indophenol blue	[64]
Ga₂O₃-DBD/g-C₃N₄	500 W Xe lamp	0.04 mM CH₃OH	112.5 µmol·L⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler’s reagent	[65]
TiO₂@C/g-C₃N₄	300 W Xe lamp 420 nm > λ	20% CH₃OH	250.6 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler’s reagent	[66]
g-C₃N₄/MgAlFeO	250 W Na lamp 400 nm < λ < 800 nm	0.1% C₂H₅OH	440.4 µmol·L^-1·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler's reagent	[67]
TiO₂/Au/a-TiO₂	300 W Xe lamp	None	0.0134 µmol·cm⁻²·h⁻¹	Indophenol blue	[68]
Fe₂O₃	500 W Xe lamp	0.1% C₂H₅OH	1362.5 µmol·L⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler’s reagent	[69]
H-Bi₂MoO₆	300 W Xe lamp with a 420 nm cutoff filter	None	1300 µmol·g⁻¹·h⁻¹	Nessler’s reagent	[70]

^aWhere V denoted nitrogen vacancies
^bNessler’s reagent, K₂HgI₄, is one of photometric indicators for NH₃ detection and quantification [71]

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