Schematic of the synthetic route of the antibody-conjugated NPs. (Upper) Synthesis of the full-CD8a NPs. The EDC activates the COOH group of the PLGA NPs, and the NHS subsequently forms a stabilized amine-reactive sulfo-NHS ester. This allows the NH2 group of the antibody to bind with the amine-reactive sulfo-NHS ester on the NP surface. (lower) Synthesis of the f(ab′)2-NPs. An antibody was first cleaved by using IdeS. It was then reduced by DTT to obtain a free thiol group in its hinge region. The free thiol group binds with the Mal located on the NP surface