Fig. 15

A Plot of NP Radius vs Ligand Density, given as a percentage of surface coverage, showing that varying adhesion strengths leads to a phase diagram. Phase (I) describes a lower limit to ligand density compared to the density of receptors, and is known as the “Ligand-Shortage Phase”. Phase (III) is the upper limit to tunable endocytosis when there are too few receptors on the surface as compared to the number of ligands available for binding to the surface, and is known as the “Receptor-Shortage Phase.” Finally Phase (II) describes NPs with matching receptor and ligand densities adherent enough to overcome the limiting enthalpies and membrane undulation entropy, is known as the “Endocytosed Phase”, and is shown between the dotted white and red lines. B Schematic showing different levels of wrapping behavior for multivalent NPs. From reference [98]