Table 3 Triboelectric nanogenerator based 3D printed energy harvesting devices, their output energy capacities and applications
Energy harvesting devices | Source of excitation | Excitations | Materials | Output | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wrist-wearable TENG device | Human wrist-motions | ≤ 5 Hz | ABS, PLA | 0.118 mW/cm3 | Self-powered healthcare monitoring sensors |
Bidirectional gear transmission based TENG | The motion of the human foot | 3.5Â Hz | PLA | 4 mW | Thermometers |
Elastic TENG based self-powered electro-Fenton system | Reciprocation by hand | 2–5 Hz | Acrylic | 1.95 W/m2 | Sustainable removal of methylene blue (MB) emissions |
Hybrid coaxial TENG | Rotary motion | 100–400 rpm | ABS, acrylic | 846.4 \(\upmu\) W | Small toys |
Wind-driven hybrid TENG nanogenerator | Slow speed wind | 6Â m/s | PLA | 245 mW | Subway tunnel |
Freestanding kinetic-impact-based TENG | Human motions | 5Â Hz | PLA | 102.29 mW | Thermo-hygrometers, smartwatches |
Flexible TENG for vibration energy harvesting | Vibrations | 6Â Hz | Acrylic | 608.5 mW/m2 | Portable and wearable sensors |
3D-printed silicone-Cu fiber-based TENG | Human motion |  ≤ 5 Hz | Si elastomer | 31.39 mW/m2 | Biomechanical applications |
Integrated flywheel & spiral spring TENG | Human foot motion |  ≤ 5 Hz | PLA | 38.4 mJ | LEDs |
Low-frequency resonant TENG nanogenerator | Manual vibrations | 18Â Hz | ABS | 2.61 mW | Vibration sensors, recharging batteries |
Novel sweep-type TENG | Rotary motion | 1.2 m/s | PLA | 400 V, 15 μA | Driver habits-monitoring |
Mechanical frequency regulator based TENG | Human and windmill | 10–50 Hz | PLA | 17 V, 6.5 mA | Wireless node sensors |
Water droplet vibrations based TENGs | Vibrations | 1–30 Hz | ITO glass | 7.55 μW | Self-powered electronic systems |
Origami-tessellation-based TENG | Ambient excitations | 3–16 Hz | Nylon | 26.16 μW | Energy harvesting on road pavement |
Galloping TENG based on two flexible beams | Wind energy | 1.4–6 m/s | ABS, PET | 200 V, 7 μA | Outdoor electric devices |
Direction-switchable TENG | Human joint motions | 5–15 cm/s | PLA | 5 V, 10 μA | Temperature sensors |
Rotary cam-based TENG | Rotary motion | 300–1000 rpm | PLA | 3.5 mW | Commercial and industrial applications |
Nanopillar-array architectured TENG | Wind energy | 14–15 m/s | PLA | 568 V, 25.6 μA | Wind energy harvesting |