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Table 6 TENG, PENG, TEG and EMG based 3D printed hybrid MEH devices, their output energy capacities and applications

From: Additively manufactured nano-mechanical energy harvesting systems: advancements, potential applications, challenges and future perspectives

Energy harvesting devices

Source of excitation

Excitations

Materials

Output

Applications

Hybrid EMG-TENG wrist-wearable device

Human wrist-motions

5 Hz

ABS, PLA

0.118 mW/cm3

Wearable healthcare monitoring equipment

Hybrid EMG-TENG-PENG 3DAIS device

3D vibration, rotation & human motion

2.5 Hz

Acrylic

0.19 µW

Inertial sensing

Hybrid EMG-TENG wind-driven nanogenerator

Slow speed wind

6 m/s

PLA

245 mW

Subway tunnel monitoring sensors

Hybrid EMG-TENG device resonating at low frequency

Manual vibrations

18 Hz

ABS

2.61 mW

Vibration study

Hybrid TENG-EMG-PENG

energy harvester

Hybrid step-servo motor

45 rpm (0.75 Hz)

ABS

712 μW, 31 mW, 6.4 μW

–

Solar & electromagnetic Energy harvesting System

Solar irradiance

100 mW/cm2

PLA

93 mW

Internet-of-Things

3D printed miniature EMG device driven by airflow

Wind energy, wind tunnel

–

ABS

0.305 W

HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditions) ventilation exhaust systems

Hybrid EMG-TENG rotating gyro structured blue EH

Blue energy

1.2 to 2.3 Hz

White resin

14.9 mW (EMG) 4.1 μW (TENG)

Self-powered and self-functional tracking system

Ship-shaped hybridized nanogenerator (SHNG)

Blue energy (linear motor)

2 Hz

PLA

800 µW (TENG) 9 mW (EMG)

Seawater self-desalination and self-powered positioning

  1. The references of the research papers cited in this table are provided in the Additional file 1
  2. EMG electromagnetic generator, TENG triboelectric nanogenerator, PENG piezoelectric nanogenerator, 3DAIS 3D activity inertial sensor, ABS acrylonitrile poly-butadiene styrene, PLA polylactic acid, EH energy harvester