Table 8 Optimal 3D printing methods, printing parameters and 3D printers involved in fabricating novel structures of 3DP-NMEHs
Sr | Structure/shape | Printing approach | 3D printer company | Printing parameters | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hierarchical and porous structures | FDM | HTS-300, Fochif Tech., pressure-controlled direct ink printer | Deposition speed of 2.8 mm s−1, extrusion speed of 0.008 mm s−1, filament diameter of 0.85 mm, and micro-nozzle diameter of 0.80 mm | Wearable electronics |
2 | Circular-shaped structures | FDM | Shining, Einstart-p, 3D printer | Uniform material extrusion from needle | Voiceprint recognition sensor |
3 | Square-shaped structures | FDM | 30Â M Hyrel 3D, USA 3D printer | Nozzle inner diameter of 0.5Â mm | Self-healing/ stretchable conductor |
4 | Cubical shape | Hybrid UV based 3D printing | 3D printer equipped with automatic UV curing, pressure-injection, and ink extrusion along with precision positioning platform | UV-based curing and printing precision of 1 μm | Ultra-flexible 3D printed TENG |
5 | Cylindrical structures | FDM | Makerbot Industry, USA, Replicator 2X 3D printer | Printing speed 90 mms−1 with plate temperature of 110 \(^\circ{\rm C}\), using a raft to improve the adhesion between the plate and 3D printed parts | Noise-canceling |
6 | Hollow circular-shaped tubes | FDM | – | 3D-printed circular tube of 1.1 cm inner dia and 1.2 cm outer dia | Human biomechanical energy harvesting |
7 | Lamellar porous constructions | DIW | – | An 840 μm dia cylindrical nozzle to print CNF ink through DIW printer | Multifunctional sensors |
8 | Biomimetic-villus shaped structure | DLP | Master Plus J 845 DLP printer from Carima, Korea | – | Dust filter |
9 | Grating disk-like structure | FDM, SLM | ProX DMP 320 from 3D Systems, metal 3D printer | 3D printing in argon gas with a 245 W laser, with 60 μm layer thickness, 82 μm side step, and 1250 mm s−1 mark speed | Sustainable energy harvesting |
10 | Sponge | FDM | Z300, Beijing Huitianwei Technology Co., Ltd, China, 3D FDM printer | Nozzle size of approx. 10 μm | Energy harvesting applications |
11 | Zigzag design | FDM | FDM printer Z300, Beijing Huitianwei Technology Co., Ltd, China | Material extrusion with 0.1Â mm layer height | Mechanical energy harvesting |
12 | Hierarchical morphological structures | DIW | – | Parallel printing direction with 0.2 mm tip diameter | Mechanical energy harvesting |