Fig. 2From: Shell isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy for mechanistic investigation of electrochemical reactionsThe historical illustration of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the catalysis application. Discovery of SERS (stage I), borrowing strategy for non-plasmonic active materials (stage II), application of SHINERS on single crystalline surface as a model system (stage III), and practical system of SHINERS with satellite structure of nanocatalysts (stage IV), reproduced with permission from [27]. Copyright (2020) American Chemical SocietyBack to article page