Category | Carrier Material/ active ingredient | Fabrication Method | Stimulation | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Valve-Regulated Preparation | Mesoporous Silica (core), PhAPTMS and α-Cyclodextrin (valve) /Chlorantraniliprole | Pesticide physically loaded in core structure; blocked by supramolecular structure formed by valve chemicals | α-amylase in insect intestine hydrolyzes α-cyclodextrin to open the valve | [50] |
HCMs (core), PEG and α-Cyclodextrin (valve) /Imidacloprid | Infrared light increases the system temperature and disrupt the valve for the photothermal effect of HCMs | [51] | ||
Attapulgite in Biochar (core), ASO and Azobenzene (valve)/ Glyphosate | Pesticide physically loaded in cores; blocked by ASO layer | UV–Vis light induces reversible cis–trans isomerization conversion of azobenzene, disturbing the ASO layer and promoting pesticide release | [52] | |
NH4HCO3 containing Attapulgite (core), ASO and PVA (valve)/Glyphosate | Rising temperature, decomposes NH4HCO3 to produce CO2 and NH3 bubbles and generating micro/nano pores in the valve layer for pesticide release | [53] | ||
BNNP (core), PEG (valve)/Avermectin | Avermectin physically adsorbed in PEG-conjugated BNNP | PEG units are detached under strong alkaline condition to facilitate avermectin release | [54] | |
Integral Stimulated-Release | Graphene Oxide/ Cyhalothrin, Bifenthrin and fFenpropathrin | Physical Adsorption | Rising temperature facilitates pesticides release | [55] |
Chitosan/Spinosad | Chitosan microparticles formed via coprecipitation, spinosad loaded via physical adsorption and adhesion | Protonation of amino groups of chitosan in acidic condition causes a gradual solubilization of the chitosan microparticles to release spinosad | [56] | |
Oligomeric Imine Based Surfactant/ Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic pesticides | The pesticides entrapped in worm-like micelles formed by surfactant molecular assembling | The imine groups of the surfactant could be hydrolyzed in acidic environment created by CO2 to release pesticides | [1] | |
APTES and TEOS /Kasugamycin | Kasugamycin was conjugated with APTES and then forming pesticide-contained silica NPs via sol–gel method | Amidase in pathogenic microorganisms could disintegrate the nanopesticide to release kasugamycin | [57] | |
pH-Jump Reagent 2,4-Dinitrobenzaldehyde and Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (MOF)/Prochloraz | In situ addition of prochloraz and pH-jump reagent in the synthesis process of the MOF structure | UV light makes pH-jump reagent to acidify the environment, interrupting the MOF structure to release prochloraz | [65] |