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Table 2 Typical fabrucation and preparation of stimulated-release nanopesticides

From: Recent development in functional nanomaterials for sustainable and smart agricultural chemical technologies

Category

Carrier Material/

active ingredient

Fabrication Method

Stimulation

Refs.

Valve-Regulated Preparation

Mesoporous Silica (core), PhAPTMS and α-Cyclodextrin (valve) /Chlorantraniliprole

Pesticide physically loaded in core structure; blocked by supramolecular structure formed by valve chemicals

α-amylase in insect intestine hydrolyzes α-cyclodextrin to open the valve

[50]

HCMs (core), PEG and α-Cyclodextrin (valve) /Imidacloprid

Infrared light increases the system temperature and disrupt the valve for the photothermal effect of HCMs

[51]

Attapulgite in Biochar (core), ASO and Azobenzene (valve)/ Glyphosate

Pesticide physically loaded in cores; blocked by ASO layer

UV–Vis light induces reversible cis–trans isomerization conversion of azobenzene, disturbing the ASO layer and promoting pesticide release

[52]

NH4HCO3 containing Attapulgite (core), ASO and PVA (valve)/Glyphosate

Rising temperature, decomposes NH4HCO3 to produce CO2 and NH3 bubbles and generating micro/nano pores in the valve layer for pesticide release

[53]

BNNP (core), PEG (valve)/Avermectin

Avermectin physically adsorbed in PEG-conjugated BNNP

PEG units are detached under strong alkaline condition to facilitate avermectin release

[54]

Integral Stimulated-Release

Graphene Oxide/ Cyhalothrin, Bifenthrin and fFenpropathrin

Physical Adsorption

Rising temperature facilitates pesticides release

[55]

Chitosan/Spinosad

Chitosan microparticles formed via coprecipitation, spinosad loaded via physical adsorption and adhesion

Protonation of amino groups of chitosan in acidic condition causes a gradual solubilization of the chitosan microparticles to release spinosad

[56]

Oligomeric Imine Based Surfactant/ Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic pesticides

The pesticides entrapped in worm-like micelles formed by surfactant molecular assembling

The imine groups of the surfactant could be hydrolyzed in acidic environment created by CO2 to release pesticides

[1]

APTES and TEOS

/Kasugamycin

Kasugamycin was conjugated with APTES and then forming pesticide-contained silica NPs via sol–gel method

Amidase in pathogenic microorganisms could disintegrate the nanopesticide to release kasugamycin

[57]

pH-Jump Reagent 2,4-Dinitrobenzaldehyde and Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (MOF)/Prochloraz

In situ addition of prochloraz and pH-jump reagent in the synthesis process of the MOF structure

UV light makes pH-jump reagent to acidify the environment, interrupting the MOF structure to release prochloraz

[65]