Type of nanoparticle | Application | Principle | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
AuNPs | Detection of human papillomavirus in cervical carcinoma | AuNPs were coupled with silver straining for signal amplification | [44] |
 | Detection of surface antigen of HBV in biological sample | AuNPs were surface labelled with a monoclonal HBV surface antibody and the technique was validated by ELISA | [45] |
 | Detection of HCV RNA | Using size- and distance-dependent nanoparticle surface-energy transfer technique. When RNA bound to AuNPs, the color of solution was changed from red to yellow | [46] |
 | Detection of HVA Vall7 polyprotein gene, HVB surface antigen gene, HIV, Ebola virus, variola virus (smallpox), and Bacillus anthracis (BA) protective antigen gene | AuNPs were probes labeled with oligonucleotides and Raman-active dyes to achieve surface-enhanced Raman scattering | [47] |
 | Detection of SARS Detection of SARS-CoV-2 | Mainly through colorimetry (pp1ab gene detection) and electrochemical methods (nucleocapsid protein gene detection) for rapid and specific molecular detection A colorimetric assay where the thiol-modified antisense oligonucleotides-capped AuNPs accumulated selectively in the presence of its target RNA sequence in SARS-CoV-2 and showed the plasmon resonance change on the surface | [48] [49] |
 | Detection of Hantaan virus nucleocapsid protein | Using functionalized AuNPs to enhance the ultrasensitive immuno-PCR assay based on bio-barcode assay technique | [50] |
 | Detection of Ebola virus | Using a luminescence assay consisting of BaGdF5:Yb/Er up-conversion nanoparticles conjugated with oligonucleotide probe and AuNPs linked with target Ebola virus oligonucleotide | [51] |
AgNPs | Detection of single influenza viruses | Using the inherent electrochemical activity of virus surface modified by AgNPs in the solution to detect virus at low concentration quantitatively | [52] |
 | Early detection of COVID-19 | Redox probes containing the silver ions (Ag+) in the hexathia-18-crown-6 (HT18C6) were used for voltametric determination of RdRP of SARS-CoV-2 virus | [53] |
AlNPs | Detection of dengue virus | A small and thin piece of nano-porous alumina membrane was used to detect virus using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy | [54] |
Iron oxide NPs | Detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) | Using protamine-coated iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles to concentrate HAV for further detection | [55] |
 | Detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) | Using gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticle as the HBV DNA probe | [41] |
Magnetic NPs | Detection of infuenza A virus H5N1 | Aniline monomer polymerized around gamma iron (III) oxide (γ-Fe2O3) cores were served as the basis of a direct-charge transfer biosensor to detect surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin of influenza A virus | [56] |
 | Detection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) | Amino functionalized carbon coated magnetic nanoparticles were used for electrochemical detection of hybridization of nucleic acid of HBV | [57] |
CNTs | Detection of HIV-1 | Using NiCo2O4/CoO@CNTs which have high electrochemical activity, good biocompatibility, and strong bio-affinity toward the probe DNA | [42] |
 | Detection of SARS-CoV-2 | Target SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was captured by ssDNA-nanotube constructs via hybridization and separated from the liquid phase in a single-tube system with minimal chemical reagents, for downstream quantitative reverse transcription PCR detection | [58] |
SiNPs | Detection of HIV-1 Detection of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | Using Streptavidin-labelled and Europium-doped fluorescent SiNPs for HIV-1 p24 antigen detection Using Fe3O4/SiO2 nanoparticles to isolate genomic DNA of HBV for HBV detection based on PCR | [43] [59] |
Polymeric NPs | Detection of airborne respiratory viruses | TMB-NPs@PLGA-based colorimetric sensor was conjugated to antibodies and bound to the captured virus in the microtiter wells | [60] |
Graphenes | Detection of HIV | Amine-functionalized graphene was conjugated with anti-p24 of HIV to detect various HIV biomarkers via various UV–Vis and Raman spectroscopies | [61] |