Type of nanoparticle | Application | Principle | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Iron oxide NPs | Inactivation of influenza | Using iron oxide nanozymes to catalyze lipid peroxidation of the viral lipid envelope to inactivate enveloped viruses | [67] |
Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 | IONPs (e.g. Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) could interact with the spike protein receptor binding domain (S1-RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 that is required for virus attachment to the host cell receptors | [68] | |
ZnO-NPs | Inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus | PEGylated ZnO-NPs could inhibit H1N1 influenza by blocking viral entry | [69] |
AuNPs | Inhibition of HIV infection | AuNPs were coated with multiple copies of an amphiphilic sulfate-ended ligand which could bind the HIV gp120 | [70] |
Ag NPs | Inhibition of growth of H3N2 influenza virus | AgNPs could interact with H3N2 influenza virus and lead to the destruction of morphologic viral structures | [71] |
Inhibition of HIV replication | Blocking of viral entry and having an interference with viral membrane fusion in a short period of time | [12] | |
Inhibition of H1N1 influenza A virus | AgNPs were combined with chitosan to inhibit viral penetration into the host cell by direct binding with viral envelope glycoproteins | [72] | |
Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) | AgNPs were capped with mercaptoethane sulfonate (Ag-MES) inhibiting HSV-1 to have the interaction between viral envelope glycoproteins and cell surface heparan sulfate | [73] | |
Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication | AgNPs which have good binding affinity for HBV DNA inhibited the in vitro production of HBV RNA and extracellular virion | [74] | |
Hybrid nanocomposites | Inhibition of enveloped virus | GO sheets were combined with AgNPs to inhibit the infection of viruses with low cytotoxicity to cells | [75] |
Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) | Sulfonated magnetic nanoparticles were functionalized with reduced graphene oxide showing a photothermal antiviral activity | [76] |