Table 4 Comparison of some recently reported synthetic CQDs
Approach | Carbon source | Synthetic method | Quantum yield (%) | Application | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Top-down | Carbon nano powder | Acidic oxidation | N/A | Drug delivery | [113] |
Top-down | Graphite flakes | laser ablation | 9.1 | N/A | [114] |
Top-down | Graphite rod | Electrochemical exfoliation, acidic oxidation | 15.5 | Bioimaging | [115] |
Top-down | Graphite | Arc discharge | N/A | Emitting materials | [116] |
Top-down | Graphite powder | Acidic oxidation | 14 | N/A | [117] |
Bottom-up | Citric acid | Hydrothermal | 51 | Alcohol sensors | [118] |
Bottom-up | Glycyrrhizic acid | Hydrothermal | 1.41 | Anti-virus | [20] |
Bottom-up | L-cysteine and citric acid | Microwave irradiation | 54 | Glutathione detection | [119] |
Bottom-up | Gallic acid | Microwave irradiation | 25 | Bioimaging, Anti-tumor | [120] |
Bottom-up | Oligomer polyamide resin | Ultrasonic treatment | 28.3 | Photoluminescent ink | [121] |
Bottom-up | Toluene | Laser irradiation | 13.5 | N/A | [122] |
Bottom-up | o-phenylenediamine | Electrochemical method | 71 | Bioimaging | [123] |