Fig. 5

Mechanism of drug release from thermosensitive liposomes. a Schematic illustration of the mechanism of phase transition of the lipids that form the liposome bilayer. The increase of the temperature above the transition phase temperature (47 °C) leads to higher bilayer permeability, and consequently, the drug release is favored. b Amphiphilic molecules forming lamellar structures and their transition phase temperatures. Tc: Phase transition temperature (Panel A) [139]. A representation of the usage of hallow nanomaterials conjugated with phase changing materials for photolytic release of doxorubicin. The photothermal agent (Bi₂S₃ nanomaterials) were synthesized using the polyol route displaying a photoconversion efficiency of 26.8%. The photothermal agent was encapsulated with doxorubicin and encoated with 1-tetradecanol acting as a gatekeeper until melting temperature of 38 °C was attained for the photothermal responsive drug release to be activated. (Panel B). Reprinted with permission from Biomaterials,