From: Smart nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment
Stimuli | Nanomaterial used | Antitumor agent | Characteristic | Cancer treated | Observation | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Matrix metalloproteinases enzyme | Low molecular weight protamine (LMWP) conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles | Paclitaxel | Demonstrated excellent pharmacokinetics and biodistribution profile | Glioblastoma, C6 cells | LMWP nanoparticles showed MMP-dependent cellular accumulation in C6 cells and have enhanced in vivo anti-glioblastoma effect | [56] |
Cathepsin B enzyme | Janus PEGylated dendrimer prodrug-based nanoparticles | Paclitaxel | Prodrug self-assembled in nanoscale range with negative surface charge, compact morphology, and appropriate size | 4T1 Breast cancer cells | Exhibited higher toxicity to 4T1 cancer cells in comparison to normal cells. Induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis of tumor cells | [100] |
Phosphatase enzyme | ATP coated silver nanoparticles | Silver nanoparticles | Excellent stability at physiological condition | HepG2 liver cancer cells | 1Â mg/mL concentration of ATP coated silver nanoparticles eradicate 57.06% of cancer cells via inducing apoptosis | [55] |
Redox | HA/HAase/CS/liposome/shRNA (HCLR) nanocarrier | Inhibitor of apoptosis survivin-shRNA | Stable during blood circulation due to negative charge of hyaluronic acid | MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells | HCLR significantly suppresses the tumor growth via surviving silencing and exhibit low toxicity in mice | [101] |
Glutathione | Concanavalin A conjugated silica nanoparticles | Doxorubicin | Targeted controlled drug release at tumor site | A549 lung cancer cells | Selective drug delivery has been proved by the fact that IC50 value of particle for A549 cells is 25 µg/mL, however normal cells viability remains 90% at this concentration | [102] |
Glutathione | Platinum nanoparticles (platinum (IV) prodrug self-assembled with lipid-PEG) | Platinum | Endocytosed in cells via macropinocytosis | Ovarian cancer cells (A2780), prostate cancer cells (PC-3), breast cancer cells (MCF7), colorectal cancer cells (HCT116), lung cancer cells (A549 and H460) | Upon internalization into tumor cells, high intracellular glutathione promotes disintegration of nanoparticles and reduces platinum prodrug which bound to target DNA | [103] |
Glutathione | Polyurethane nanoparticles | Cisplatin | Nanoparticles are found to be stable in 0.9% saline, complete media, and gamble's solution for 48Â h | A549 lung cancer cells | Exhibited concentration-dependent uptake in lung cancer cells. Reduces the in vivo tumor growth and shows good cyto- and hemo-compatibility to AT1 and blood cells, respectively | [104] |
Hydrogen peroxide | Gold nanovesicles | Tirapazamine | Stable in water, cell culture media, and plasma of rat up to 3Â weeks | 4T1 Breast cancer cells | Upon H2O2 encounter, cargo releases the drugs at tumor site in self-accelerating manner and exhibited tumor inhibition in breast tumor-bearing mice | [105] |
Hydrogen peroxide | Nanoemulsion composed of perfluoropolyether, catalase and photosensitizer IR780 | Near-infrared light activatable photosensitizer IR780 | No change in diameter or precipitation in cell culture media after 48 h incubation at 25 °C and 37 °C. Can be stored at 4 °C for 15 months | OVCAR-3 Ovarian cancer cells | Nanoplatform produces singlet oxygen upon light excitation and upon near-infrared light activation, nanopaltform exhibit cancer cells killing ability by photodynamic therapy in hypoxic tumor | [106] |
Hydrogen sulfide | Nanoprodrug composed of lauric acid, mPEG, lecithin BSO-DOX | Doxorubicin | Fluorescent prodrug possesses colorectal cancer specific photo-controllable synergistic therapeutic effect | HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells | Enabled the photothermal ablation of tumor and activate drug release in presence of H2S. HCT116 mice tumor has also been suppressed efficiently with high specificity | [107] |
Hydrogen sulfide | Anethole dithiolethione (ADT)-loaded magnetic nanoliposome (AML) | Hydrogen sulfide bubble | ADT transform the conventional liposome to a contrast agent where hydrogen sulfide bubbles have both diagnostic and therapeutic property | HepG2 liver cancer cells | In external magnetic field nanosized AML can be converted to microsized hydrogen sulfide bubble, which can be imaged by ultrasound imaging and can ablate tumor cells when exposed to high acoustic intensity | [108] |