Table 2 Different types of cancers and their respective biomarkers overexpressed on their surfaces during metastatic transformations

Breast cancer

Transmembrane glucoprotein mucin 1 (MUC1), nucleoli, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), CD44

[164,165,166,167]

Lung cancer

Transferrin receptors, E-Cadherins, CD44, carcinoembryonic antigen, sialic acid, Nucleoli

[162, 168,169,170,171]

Cervical cancer

Nucleoli, CEM, PTK7, carcinoembryonic antigen

[172,173,174,175]

Liver cancer

Alpha-fetoprotein, MUC1, folic acid (FA) receptors, EpCAM, CD44, CD90, CD133/2, OV-6

[176,177,178,179,180,181,182]

Leukaemia

ASCP receptors, p-glycoprotein, CD44, PTK-7

[183,184,185,186]

Gastric and colorectal cancer

M2-PK, ESM1, CTHRC1, and AZGP1, CA72-4, CA125, alpha-fetoprotein, sialic acid, mannosyl groups, folic acid receptors

[162, 187, 188]