Fig. 7

a Schematic demonstrating the fluorination process of the SnO₂ film using the F-TEDA molecule as the fluorinating precursor. b I–V characteristics of SnO₂ and F–SnO₂ films, c J–t measurements of S*/SnO₂ and S*/F–SnO₂. Figure adapted from ref [142] d Schematic representation of in situ sulfidations produce Mo2CTx/2H-MoS2 nanohybrid, e Tafel plot, f HER benchmarking of Mo2CTx/2H-MoS2 against other material [162] g Schematic illustration of ion transport through the nanochannel in the MoS2 membrane h Ionic conductivity of the MoS2 membrane in NaCl solution i Reversible switch of the ion transport under 405 and 630 nm light illumination in the NaCl solutions [163]