From: Systematic and mechanistic analysis of AuNP-induced nanotoxicity for risk assessment of nanomedicine
Toxic effect | Measurement | Assessment tools | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
Metabolic activity | Mitochondrial activity assay | MTT assay | |
Esterase activity | LIVE/DEAD assay | [84] | |
Membrane integrity | Membrane damage | LDH assay | [79] |
Trypan blue | [79] | ||
Propidium iodide | [79] | ||
Patch-clamp experiment | [85] | ||
Lysosomal activity | Neutral red | [80] | |
Lucifer yellow | [86] | ||
Apoptosis | Apoptotic signal | Annexin V | [87] |
Caspase-3 | |||
Proliferation | Colony forming efficiency | Cologenic/clonogenic assay | [88] |
Genotoxicity | DNA damage | Comet assay | |
Micronucleus assay | [91] | ||
TUNEL assay | [92] | ||
Gene mutation | Ames test | [92] | |
Gene expression | qPCR | [92] | |
Microarrays | [92] | ||
DNA replication | BrdU assay | [93] | |
Oxidative stress | Reactive oxygen species (ROS) | DCFH | |
EPR | |||
Lipid peroxidation | TBA assay for MDA | ||
Amplex red | [94] | ||
Immune stress | Cytokine | ELISA | |
Western blotting | [101] | ||
Motility | Cell migration | Wound healing assay | [102] |
Invasion assay | [51] | ||
Cytoskeletal structure | Phalloidin staining | [51] |