Fig. 3

a Schematic illustration of spectral conversion materials in a greenhouse setting for enhancing plant growth. b Percent absorption and normalized PL emission for CuInS₂ (CIS)/ZnS quantum dots (QDs)-doped film with peak emissions centered at 660 nm (R-QD). c Measured spectra beneath the R-QD film and the control film without QDs. d Experimental results of measured edible dry mass, edible fresh mass, and total leaf area for three replicate red romaine lettuce experiments under control film, CuInS₂ (CIS)/ZnS QDs-doped film with peak emissions centered at 600 nm (O-QD) and R-QD film. b-d are replotted with permission from [43]. e Greenhouse covered with the commercially available red LLEAF films for the growth of leafy greens. Republished with permission from LLEAF (http://www.lleaf.com.au/). f Greenhouse covered with the commercially available QDs-doped films. Republished with permission from Ubigro (https://ubigro.com)