Fig. 8

a Photograph of microalgae in photobioreactors that were placed in water baths underneath spectral conversion panels and a clear panel. b Transmission spectra (350–800 nm) for the three LSC panels and the control panel relative to the solar spectrum recorded outside on a clear day. c Growth rates are represented by bar graphs for C. reinhardtii and C. vulgaris algae. Reproduced with permission [82]. d Schematic method of fabricating the photobioreactor for algae cultures and schematic experimental setup of microalgal cultivation. e Transmittance change of thin films coated on the culture flasks. f Growth of Chlorella sp. grown under different cultural conditions. Reproduced with permission from [130]