Table 2 Different membrane types used in phototherapeutic NP systems, along with a summary of their characteristics

MCF-7

PLGA, ICG

808

PAI, FI

[105]

4T1

Gold, DOX

808

Hyperthermia-activated drug delivery

[40]

4T1

Gold, mesoporous silica, R837

808

Immunostimulant, starvation therapy

[82]

4T1

Porous silicon, DOX, ICG

808

Drug delivery, FI

[83]

KB

Gold, PEG

980

Radiotherapy

[41]

A549

PLGA, perfluorocarbons (PFCs), ICG

765

FI, MRI, PAI

[49]

HepG2

Prussian blue, zinc glutamate, triphenylphosphine-conjugated lonidamine

808

Downregulated ATP production to disrupt heat shock proteins

[54]

MDA-MB-231

Gold, mesoporous silica, PTX, DOX

980

Drug delivery

[42]

B16-F10, 4T1, COS-7

Poly(caprolactone), pluronic copolymer F68, ICG

808

FI

[98]

C6

Proteolipids, ICG

808

FI

[72]

C6

Liposome, ICG

808

FI, PDT

[73]

HeLa

DOX, ICG

808

Drug delivery, FI

[79]

HeLa

Black-titanium, iridium

1064

PAI, sonodynamic therapy, luminescence

[59]

CT26

Bismuth

808

–

[60]

Platelet

Gold

808

–

[43]

Platelet

PLGA, IR780, DOX

808

Drug delivery

[51]

Platelet

Liposomes, IR 1048

1064

PAI

[74]

Platelet

Mesoporous silica, bismuth

808

Radiotherapy

[67]

MSC

Lipids, gold, iron oxide, DOX

808

Drug delivery, PAI

[68]

MSC

Black phosphorus, oxaliplatin (1,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinum (II)

808

Drug delivery

[77]

MSC

Polydopamine, SN38

808

Drug delivery

[86]

Macrophage

Gold

808

–

[44]

Macrophage

Iron oxide

808

–

[69]

Macrophage

DSPE-PEG, IR-792

808

FI

[52]

Macrophage

Bismuth selenide, quercetin

808

CT, drug delivery, heat shock protein inhibitor

[71]

Macrophage

Gold, ICG, triphenylphosphonium (TPP)

808, 1064

PDT, FI, PAI, Raman imaging

[45]

RBC

Iron oxide

808

MRI

[61]

RBC

Prussian blue, DOX

808

Drug delivery

[55]

RBC

Gold, poly(vinylpyrrolidone)

850

–

[46]

RBC

Prussian blue, Gamabufotalin (CS-6)

808

Drug delivery

[56]

RBC

Iron oxide

808

MRI

[62]

RBC

Gold

785

PAI

[47]

RBC

Melanin

808

PAI

[92]

RBC

Graphene oxide, ICG, DOX, DSPE-PEG

808

Drug delivery, FI

[75]

RBC

Semiconducting polymer, DSPE-PEG

808

PAI

[87]

RBC

Halloysite, FITC, ICG

808

FI

[89]

RBC

Poly(caprolactone), DPPC, Pluronic F68, PTX

808

Drug delivery

[95]

RBC

Black phosphorus

808

Immunotherapy

[78]

RBC

Gold, PTX, anti-EpCam

808

Drug delivery

[48]

RBC

Tungsten disulfide, PEG, DOX, ICG

808

Drug delivery, PDT, CT, FI

[63]

RBC

Prussian blue, J5, folic acid

808

Drug delivery

[57]

RBC

Zinc phthalocyanine, ICG

680

PDT, FI

[80]

RBC

Prussian blue, chlorin e6

808

PDT

[58]

RBC

10-Hydroxycamptothecin, ICG

808

Drug delivery, FI

[81]

RBC

Poly(caprolactone), PEG, IR780, DTX

808

FI, PDT, PAI, drug delivery

[53]

RBC

Graphene oxide, ICG, DOX, PEG, folic acid

808

Drug delivery, FI

[76]

RBC

Red blood cell content, copper sulfide, silica

980

Radiotherapy, oxygen delivery

[90]

Fibroblast

Poly(cyclopentadithiophene-alt-benzothiadiazole), PEG-b-PPG-b-PEG

808

PDT, PAI, FI

[96]

Myeloid derived suppressor cell

Iron oxide

808

MRI

[70]

CAR-T

Silica, IR780

808

FI

[91]

MCF-7 and RBC

Melanin

808

PAI

[88]

B16-F10 and RBC

DOX, copper sulfide

1064

Drug delivery

[64]

E. coli DH5α and B16-F10

Polydopamine

1064

Immunotherapy

[94]

4T1 and Dendritic Cell

Poly(benzobisthiadiazole-alt-thiophene), PEG-b-PPG-b-PEG, silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine bis(trihexylsilyloxide)

1064

Immunotherapy, FI

[84]

Leukocyte and platelet

Silicon, IR780, DOX

808

PDT, drug delivery

[93]

ID8 and RBC

ICG, magnetic

808

Immunotherapy

[65]

Erythrocyte and platelet

Polypyrrol

808

–

[85]

WSU-HN6 and RBC

TPZ, IR780, H40-poly(ethylene glycol)

808

Hypoxia-activated drug delivery

[50]

CT26 and RAW 264.7

Triple-doped zinc gallogermanate, mesoporous silica, IR825, irinotecan

808

Drug delivery, luminescent imaging

[66]