Fig. 6
From: Nanomaterial-based biohybrid hydrogel in bioelectronics
a Schematic diagram of a conductive hydrogel electrode with a 3D tissue model for the application of electrical stimulation to induce muscle contraction. Reproduced with permission from [104], copyright John Wiley and Sons, 2020. b Schematic diagram of a wirelessly powered 3D-printed hierarchical biohybrid robot composed of four parts: (i) A CNT/GelMa hydrogel layer for the elastic body, (ii) stretchable wirelessly-powered bioelectronics for cell stimulation, (iii) 3D-printed accordion-inspired scaffolds, and (iv) iPSC-derived muscle tissues. Reproduced with permission from [106], copyright John Wiley and Sons, 2022. c Schematic diagram of the actuation process of an electroactive nanobiohybrid actuator composed of MoS2 nanosheets and a hydrogel-based skeletal muscle structure. Reproduced with permission from [108], copyright Springer Nature, 2022. d Schematic diagram of a biohybrid robot composed of HA-Au NPs-embedded muscle hydrogel. Reproduced with permission from [110], copyright American Chemical Society, 2022