Fig. 4

a Schematic workflow of KPC-CRE detection on infected micropig skin using 3D HPN tool-based real-time PCR. b Real-time PCR results and c the corresponding Ct values targeting the Kpc-2 gene of KPC-CRE entrapped in 3D HPN by loading KPC-CRE solutions at various concentrations ranging from 10² to 10⁷ CFU/mL). d Digital images of KPC-CRE-infected micropig Franz cell membrane (i.e., micropig skin), 3D HPN tool (left), and the micropig skin being rubbed by 3D HPN (right). e SEM images of KPC-CRE captured by 3D HPN from micropig skin (left), and the magnified image (right). f Real-time PCR result and g corresponding Ct values of KPC-CRE captured by 3D HPN from the infected micropig skin at different KPC-CRE concentrations of 10², 10⁵, and 10⁷ CFU/mL