Fig. 7

Interface engineering of Sn–Pb mixed perovskites. a Schematic diagram of the interaction between ammonium cations and defects. The calculated binding energies of different passivators with various defects. TRPL decays of perovskite with different passivators. Reproduced with permission from [57], copyright Springer Nature, 2022. b SEM images of perovskite films without and with mixed PEAI and GASCN additives. Thickness dependence of the TRPL measurements with mixed additives. Surface recombination velocity and bulk recombination lifetime plotted through carrier lifetime with various thickness. Reproduced with permission from [44], copyright Springer Nature, 2022. c XPS analysis of perovskite film with and without EDA treatment and energy diagram of PSC with and without EDA treatment. Reproduced with permission from [38], copyright John Wiley and Sons, 2021. d Schematic diagram of EDA²⁺ and GlyH⁺ cations forming dipoles at the perovskite interfaces. TRPL decay and J-V curves without and with surface treatments. Reproduced with permission from [40], copyright Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022