Fig. 4
From: Interfacial modification in perovskite-based tandem solar cells
a PL transients of ITO/HTL/perovskite. The dashed lines marks the background levels. b Current density–voltage (J–V) characteristics of the best single junction PSCs composed of glass/ITO/HTL/perovskite/C60/SnO2/Ag. c Repartition of the fill factor (FF) loss mechanism of PSCs with PTAA and Me-4PACz. Reproduced with permission [13]. Copyright 2020, American Association for the Advancement of Science. d Molecular structure (upper left), electrostatic potential surface of the N719 (lower left), charge density differences for NiO(001)/N719 (middle) and N719/PbI2-rich MAPbI3(001) (right) interfaces through –SCN and –COO binding modes using DFT calculation (at GGA/PBE + vdW level of theory). Reproduced with permission [61]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. e Schematic diagram of energy levels of the perovskite/MgFx/C60 interfaces. Reproduced with permission [14]. Copyright 2022, American Association for the Advancement of Science