Fig. 3

a Schematic illustration of a solution-shearing method and cross-sectional Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of perovskite layer on FTO/c-TiO₂/mp-TiO₂ substrate prepared at different conditions of DMF/DMSO solution and ACN/MA solution. Reprinted with permission from [29]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. b the full and c enlarged FTIR spectra result of TEP, intermediate phase, and perovskite (annealed). Reprinted with permission from [30]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier d Schematic of the perovskite layer deposition processes based on ETL substrate. Reprinted with permission from [36]. Copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry