Table 1 The comparison of electrochemical performances for metal batteries using 2D materials as artificial functional layers on anodes

Graphene-based nanosheets [103]

LIBs

1488 mA g⁻¹ (4 C)

500 cycles

reduce graphene oxide [104]

LMBs

5 mA cm⁻²

1000 cycles

Si–graphene [111]

LMBs

0.1 C

1307 mAh g⁻¹; 89% retention after 50 cycles

Ti₃C₂Cl_x [118]

LMBs

1.0 mA cm⁻²

Nucleation overpotential of 11.3 mV; 1200 h

Ti₃C₂T_x [121]

LMBs

1 mA cm⁻²

1000 cycles

ILC-Li [122]

LMBs

10 mA cm⁻², 10 mAh cm⁻²

Overpotential of 135 mV, 1050 cycles

MAX (Ti₃AlC₂) phase [120]

ZIBs

0.2 mA cm⁻²

47 mV for 400 cycles; 81% capacity retention after 500 cycles

2D MoS₂ [126]

LSBs

0.5 C

1200 cycles, CE of ~ 98%

WS₂ [127]

SIBs

50 mA g⁻¹

87.5% retention of the initial performance after 50 cycles