Fig. 4

RT-qPCR and LFA for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in NF collected by the 3DPFS and CS. A Schematic representation of the experiment demonstrating the collection of 100 μL of NF mixed with varying concentrations of viral lysate on a slide glass, using either 3DPFS or CS. B The results of RT-qPCR analysis for the collected samples. C The test lines of self-diagnostic kits using the collected samples. Student’s t-test was used to compare the data obtained under different conditions. Data with a p-value less than 0.05 were considered significant (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). n = 3