Table 1 Characteristics of stem cells delivered for skeletal muscle regeneration

SCs

- Muscle-specific stem cells

- Expression of Pax7

- Ability to differentiate into multiple types of muscle cells

Mice cardiotoxin tibialis anterior (TA)

- Limited numbers of cells

- Difficulty to obtain from samples

- Loss of regenerative ability over time

[24, 25, 154]

ADSCs

- Paracrine effect for muscle regeneration

- Capacity to differentiate into mesodermal lineage

- Promotion of angiogenesis

Rat VML TA

- No direct evidence of myofibers differentiation after implantation

[26, 28,29,30,31,32]

MSCs

- Secretion of growth factor for promotion of the regeneration

- Increase of myogenin expression

Mice ischemia hindlimb

- Not always differentiate into the specific type of muscle cell

- Possibility to cause immune reactions

- Increase of risks of cancers

[37,38,39,40]

hiPSCs

- Unlimited proliferative potential

- Ability to differentiate into any types of cells

- Patient-specific

Mice cardiotoxin TA

- Limited migrations from the site of injections

[11, 41,42,43,44,45]