Nano-biomaterials and advanced fabrication techniques for engineering skeletal muscle tissue constructs in regenerative medicine

Nano Convergence

Table 2 Characteristics of biomaterials and their combination with stem cell

	Biomaterial	Cell	Animal model	Growth factors	Structure	Characteristics	Refs.
Acellular	Alginate	–	Mouse ischemia hindlimb	VEGF, IGF-2	Bulk hydrogel	Reaching normal tissue perfusion levels in 3 weeks Regenerating damaged axons in rats with ischemic injury	[49]
	Alginate		Mouse ischemia hindlimb	–	Bulk hydrogel	Minimizing s invasive surgeries shape-memory alginate	[77]
	Collagen		Rabbit acute soft tissue trauma TA	VEGF	Bulk hydrogel	Increasing muscle strength	[50]
	Skeletal muscle-ECM		Rat VML latissimus dorsi	–	Bulk dECM	Compatible with host tissue Induced myogenesis increasing mechanical stability between damaged areas	[66]
	Musculofascial-ECM		Rat VML quadricep	–	Bulk dECM	20 times higher than muscle ECM in Young’s modulus improving in myogenic properties	[69]
Cellular	Alginate	Myoblast	Mouse myotoxin/ ischemia hindlimb	VEGF, IGF-1	Bulk hydrogel	Increasing muscle regeneration by sustained release of GF	[75]
Cellular	Skeletal muscle-ECM	MSCs	Rat VML lateral gastrocnemius	–	Bulk dECM	Regenerating blood vessels and skeletal myofibers than the ECM without cells	[79]