Nano-biomaterials and advanced fabrication techniques for engineering skeletal muscle tissue constructs in regenerative medicine

Nano Convergence

Table 3 Nanomaterials for muscle regeneration

	Materials	Cell	Animal model	3D structure	Feature	Refs.
CNT	Polydopamine coated CNT/Gelatin	C2C12	Rat VML TA	Tubular cryogel	Inducing myogenic differentiation of C2C12 and muscle regeneration by polydopamine coated CNT	[90]
Graphene	Polydopamine/rGO aerogel	C2C12	Mouse denervated gastrocnemius muscle	Bulk aerogel	Promoting the weight, fiber size, and contractile force of the denervated muscles	[95]
Graphene	Polycitrate-based rGO	C2C12	Rat VML TA	Rectangle film	Fabricating highly conductive and elastomeric and enhancing myogenic gene expression	[97]
Exosome	Myostatin propeptide conjugated exosome	–	mdx mouse cardiotoxin TA	–	Increasing muscle mass and functional rescue without any detectable toxicity in mdx mice	[102]
PLGA-PEG	PTEN inhibitor	C2C12	–	–	Promoting the selective uptake by muscle cells/tissue in vitro and in vivo	[104]
AuNP	IL-4 or IL-10	–	mdx mouse VML TA	–	Improving muscle function in murine DMD model	[105]
AuNP	F-127-polydopamine NP	C2C12	Rat VML TA	Bulk hydrogel	Regenerating structural and functional in the VML mouse model	[107]