Table 4 Technique for fabricating nanostructure
Technique | Materials | Cell | Animal model | 3D structure | Feature (Add size in the feature) | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Electrospinning | PCL/gelatin | C2C12 | Mouse VML quadriceps | Fiber | Enhancing myotube formation on the nanofiber scaffold | [111] |
Patterning | Graphene | Mouse VML hind limb | Mesh pattern | Stimulating implanted sites electrically and/or optically in vivo and recoding electromyographical signals | [108] | |
Pyrolysis | Nanostructured CNT | – | Foam, fiber | Enhancing myocyte fusion into multinucleated mature myotubes | [109] | |
Laser ablation | GO/polyacrylamide | – | Line pattern | Micropatterned rGO/PAAm hydrogel enhancing myogenesis and increased differentiation | [110] | |
Solvent injection | poly(styrene)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(styrene) | – | – | Fiber | Resembling myofibril (I, A band) and excelling in efficiency, actuation strain and mechanical properties over current actuators | [112] |