Fig. 2.

3D bioprinted in vitro tissue constructs using GelMA-based nanobioinks. a, b Development process for a tailored nHAp-based GelMA bioink for efficient osseointegration and bone regeneration: a schematic diagram of the surface modification of nHAp and coupling with GelMA and b bone regeneration via the nanostructured 3D printed hydrogel scaffold. Reprinted with permission from [162]. c–e Fabrication of 3D vascularized bone mimetic architecture: c schematic illustration of complex native bone structure, d bioprinting strategy for the fabrication of bone tissue with perfusable vasculature, and e 3D printing process for the fabrication of pyramidal constructs from cell-laden cylindrical rods. Reprinted with permission from [182]. f,g Bioprinting strategies used to fabricate cardiac tissue constructs with gold nanorod (GNR)-incorporated GelMA: f lattice construct fabricated via the layer-by-layer stacking of coaxially printed GNR-GelMA nanocomposite bioink, g (i) embedded bioprinting using a support batch to fabricate a spiral construct, with printed spiral constructs (ii) in the support batch and (iii) in a culture medium. Reprinted with permission from [183]