Fig. 4.

3D bioprinted in vitro tissue constructs using HA-based nanobioinks. a, b Development of 3D printable HA-CMC nanobioink-derived scaffolds. a Investigation of the self-healing capacity of HA-CMC hydrogels over time and their mechanical stability. b Angiogenic marker CD31 immunostaining after 1 and 4 weeks at the implanted site of an HA-CMC hydrogel printed scaffold in a mouse model. Reprinted with permission from [13]. c, d Examination of electroconductive HA-MXene nanobioink c Schematic representation of the synthesis of an MXene-based nanocomposite bioink. d Characterization of the MXene nanocomposite bioink in terms of electrical conductivity. Reprinted with permission from [246]. e–g Establishment of the neural capacity of Gel/HA/PL nanobioink derived spinal cord biomimetic scaffolds. e Schematic representation of 3D bioprinted conductive spinal cord biomimetic scaffolds for the promotion of the neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells and the repairing of spinal cord injury. f Characterization of the porosity of Gel/HA/PL hydrogels. g Characterization of implanted conductive biomimetic scaffolds in terms of neurogenesis. Reprinted with permission from [247]